Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

define translation

A

conversion of mRNA sequence into protein

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2
Q

RNA and DNA are each made of __ kinds of monomers

A

4

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3
Q

proteins are made of __ kinds of monomers

A

20

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4
Q

describe the concept of the genetic code

A

the genetic code assigns combinations of 3 nucleotides to the 20 amino acids (formula that converts nucleotides to amino acids)

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5
Q

define codons

A

sets of 3 RNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid

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6
Q

do the codons that signal the stop of translation code for an amino acid?

A

no

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7
Q

do the codons that signal the start of translation code for an amino acid?

A

yes; always methionine

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8
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG

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9
Q

first step of translation

A

mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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10
Q

second step of translation (once transported into the cytoplasm)

A

ribosome binds mRNA at the 5’ cap

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11
Q

describe ribosomes

A

ribosomes are protein/RNA complexes that translate mRNAs (RNA component is rRNA/ ribosomal RNA)

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12
Q

where does translation start?

A

AUG (start codon) not the 5’ cap

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13
Q

what are kozak sequences

A

surrounding sequences on mRNA that point out the correct AUG to the ribosome

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14
Q

first amino acid of any protein

A

methionine

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15
Q

can methionine be used in other parts of the protein?

A

yes

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16
Q

how do ribosomes extend the protein?

A

tRNAs shuttle amino acids to the ribosome, which then covalently binds them together to form a protein

17
Q

when does translation stop?

A

when the ribosome reaches one of three stop codons and falls off the mRNA and release the protein

18
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

19
Q

pre-mRNA

A

the RNA transcript produced initially during transcription in eukaryotes

20
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA (the processed RNA transcript molecule that will actually be translated)

21
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA (the RNa molecule the brings amino acids to the ribosome)

22
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA (RNA that forms the structure of the ribosome)

23
Q

snRNA

A

small nuclear RNA (forms parts of spliceosome)

24
Q

miRNA

A

micro RNAs (help regulate gene expression)

25
Q

in eukaryotes, where does transcription happen? translation?

A

transcription happens in the nucleus, translation happens in the cytoplasm

26
Q

in prokaryotes when/where does transcription and translation happen?

A

happen at the same time (no nucleus)

27
Q

do prokaryotes have introns?

A

no, so they don’t process RNA transcripts (splicing, caps, tails)