Questions Flashcards
Which of the following statements about the nuclear genome of eukaryotic organisms is true
a) the nuclear genomes of multicellular organisms typically have between 5000 and 10,000 protein-coding genes
b) large, complex multicellular organisms like humans typcially have larger nuclear genomes than small, simple organisms like fish
c) on average, animal and plant nuclear genomes contain around the same number of protein coding genes
d) on average, multicellular organisms have about 20x the # of protein coding genes as single-celled organisms
e) the main factor that determines “nucelar genome size” in a multicellular oganism is the # if protein-coding genes
c) on average, animal and plant nuclear genomes contain around the same number of protein coding genes
During an asymmetrical cell division….are unequally distributed to the two daughter cells
a) cytoplasmic proteins
b) chromosomes
c) CREs
d) Transcription factor genes
e) all of the above
a) cytoplasmic proteins
Which part of a protein-coding gene is made of short nucleic acid sequences called “codons”?
a) all introns and exons
b) all exons
c) all exon sequences execpt the UTRs
d) the promoter
e) the entire gene
c) all exon sequences execpt the UTRs
Which of the following tissues does not arise from ectoderm?
a) The spinal cord
b) Skin
c) Muscle
d) Neurons
c) Muscle
During limbud formation, different signals from ectoderm and mesoderm coordinate outgrowth of the limb, patterning of the digits and formation of the developed limb.
Which of the following developmental processes are taking place?
a) Mitosis
b) Cell-signaling
c) Invagination
d) Apoptosis
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
Select the mutation that is incorrectly matched with its cause.
a) Deletion - intercalating agents
b) Indel - ionizing radiation
c) Indel - replication slippage
d) Substitution - UV radiation
Which of the following mutations in a protein coding gene would be the LEAST likely to cause a change in the amount of protein expressed?
a) 12 basepair insertion within the promoter
b) Substitution within a protein-coding exon causing an amino acid shift: Asp to Glu
c) Single base substitution within a TBS in a CRE
d) Deletion of the poly-A signal in the 3’UTR
b) Substitution within a protein-coding exon causing an amino acid shift: Asp to Glu
You are given a long sequence of eukaryotic mRNA and told it contains a single protein-coding gene. What feature would best help you find the correct open reading frame?
a) Find the one that starts with Methionine
b) Find the one that is longest without a stop codon
c) Find the start of the poly-A tail signal and scan backwards 200bp
d) Find the longest stretch of DNA divisible by three
b) Find the one that is longest without a stop codon
A genome with a very high number of retrotransposon sequences would be expected to have more _____ compared to a genome with no retrotransposon sequences.
a) Duplications
b) Inversions
c) Deletions
d) Unequal crossing over
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
Consider a species that normally has 8 Hox genes on a single chromosome in the order H1-H2-H3-H4-H5-H6-H7-H8. Suppose you find an individual whose Hox genes are in the following order: H1-H2-H6-H5-H4-H3-H7-H8. Which of the following chromosomal structure mutations produced this chromosome?
a) Deletion
b) Duplication
c) Inversion
d) Translocation
e) Deletion and duplication
c) Inversion
When a stem cell in your spinal cord divides, it produces two daughter cells; another stem cell, and a cell that immediately differentiates into a neuron. This is caused by the asymmetrical cell division of the original stem cell. Why do the daughter cells of this cell division look and act differently from each other?
a) They inherited different portions of the mother cell’s genome
b) They inherited different portions of the mother cell’s cytoplasm
c) They inherited different transcription factor genes from the mother cell
d) They inherited different transcription factor binding sites from the mother cell
e) All of the above
b) They inherited different portions of the mother cell’s cytoplasm
During the developmental process of “patterning”, cells gradually acquire their unique set of;
a) Transcription factor proteins
b) Transcription factor genes
c) Transcription specific effector genes
d) Tissue specific effector proteins
e) All of the above
a) Transcription factor proteins
Asymmetrical cell division is an important aspect of the developmental process called:
a) Patterning
b) Differentiation
c) Growth
d) Morphogenesis
e) Apoptosis
a) Patterning
“Codons” are short DNA sequences in the genome whose function is to encode ___:
a) Transcription factor binding sites
b) Amino acids and translation start/stop signals
c) Enhancers and promoters
d) Introns and UTRs
e) All of the above
b) Amino acids and translation start/stop signals
Approximately what percentage of the human nuclear genome consists of short DNA sequences called “codons”?
a) 100%
b) 80-90%
c) 40-50%
d) 10-20%
e) 1-2%
e) 1-2%
Below is the karyotype of a wildtype, diploid organism and each letter represents a chromosome:
AA BB CC DD EE FF
What mutation is displayed in an individual with AA BB CC DDD EE FF
a) Trisomy
b) Monosomy
c) Aberrant Euploidy
d) Translocation
a) Trisomy
Below is the karyotype of a wildtype, diploid organism and each letter represents a chromosome:
AA BB CC DD EE FF
What mutation is displayed in an individual with AAA BBB CCC DDD EEE FFF
a) Trisomy
b) Monosomy
c) Aberrant Euploidy
d) Translocation
c) Aberrant Euploidy
Below is the karyotype of a wildtype, diploid organism and each letter represents a chromosome:
AA BB CC DD EE FF
What chromosomal count is displayed here: AA BB C DD EE FF
a) (2n - 1)
b) (2n + 1)
c) 2n
d) 1n
a) (2n - 1)
Which of the following chromosomal mutations is the least likely to cause a protein imbalance within the organism?
a) Trisomy on chromosome 4
b) Monosomy on chromosome 4
c) Chromosomal non-disjunction of 2 different pairs of chromosomes.
d) Aberrant Euploidy
d) Aberrant Euploidy
Why can trisomies be more toxin
create an imbalance because not all proteins have binding partners = protein aggregates
What type of chromosome structure mutation could produce a phenotype that mimics a trisomy
Duplication and deletion (wiht no duplication)
Why are gain of function mutations rare
has to be very specific and rare to make something that makes it more functions
Which of the following genetic mutations is most likely to completely inhibit the ability of a receptor protein to bind its ligand?
a) Gain-of-function mutation within a protein-coding exon
b) Loss-of-function mutation within an enhancer
c) Loss-of-function mutation within a protein-coding exon
d) Gain-of-function mutation within a promoter
c) Loss-of-function mutation within a protein-coding exon
Select the option that correctly lists likely severity of the mutations listed below in order from least lethal to most lethal for the organism: (least lethal < most lethal)
- Deletion of a single TBS of an tissue-specific enhancer for a house-keeping gene
- Loss-of-function mutation in a protein-coding exon that totally eliminates the function of the protein encoded by a house-keeping gene
- Deletion within a promoter that reduces transcription of a cell cycle checkpoint gene
- Gain-of-function mutation in an enhancer that increases expression of a tissue-specific effector gene
1 < 4 < 3 < 2