Transition Metals

Question 1

what defines a d-block transition metal?

Answer 1

a metal with an incomplete d subshell in at least one of its ions

Question 2

what does the aufbau principle state?

Answer 2

orbitals of the lowest energy fill up first with electrons

Question 3

what is special about the electron configurations of chromium and copper?

Answer 3

they are exceptions to the aufbau rule due to stability of half-filled or completely filled d orbitals

Question 4

when forming ions, which electrons are lost first from transition metals?

Answer 4

electrons in the 4s orbital are lost first

Question 5

what is an oxidation state?

Answer 5

a specific oxidation an element has in a compound

Question 6

what is the oxidation number of uncombined elements?

Answer 6

0

Question 7

what is the oxidation number of oxygen in compounds?

Answer 7

-2

Question 8

what is the oxidation number of ions containing single atoms?

Answer 8

the same as the charge on the ion

Question 9

what is the oxidation number of hydrogen in compounds?

Answer 9

1

Question 10

what is the oxidation number of fluorine in compounds?

Answer 10

-1

Question 11

how does oxidation affect oxidation number?

Answer 11

oxidation increases the oxidation number

Question 12

how does reduction affect oxidation number?

Answer 12

reduction decreases the oxidation number

Question 13

what are oxidising agents?

Answer 13

compounds containing metals in high oxidation state that get reduced

Question 14

what are reducing agents?

Answer 14

compounds with metals in low oxidation states that get oxidised

Question 15

what is a complex?

Answer 15

a central metal ion surrounded by ligands forming dative covalent bonds

Question 16

what is a ligand?

Answer 16

a ligand that donates one pair of electrons to the central metal ion

Question 17

what is a monodentate ligand?

Answer 17

a ligand that donates one pair of electrons to the central metal ion

Question 18

what is a bidentate ligand?

Answer 18

a ligand that donates two pairs of electrons to the central metal ion

Question 19

what is the coordination number?

Answer 19

the number of bonds formed between the central metal ion and ligands

Question 20

how is a complex named according to IUPAC?

Answer 20

ligands in alphabetical order, then metal name with oxidation state in brackets

Question 21

what does a ligand name ending in -ide- change to in a complex?

Answer 21

it ends in -o-
chloride - chlorido

Question 22

what are the special names for NH3 OH2 CO and NO2?

Answer 22

ammine
aqua
carbonyl
nitro

Question 23

what suffix is added to a metal name of the complex is negatively charged?

Answer 23

-ate-
cobaltate, ferrate

Question 24

what does the spectrochemical series represent?

Answer 24

the ability of ligands to split the d orbitals

Question 25

what happens to d orbitals in a complex?

Answer 25

they split into different energy levels due to ligand interactions

Question 26

what are strong field ligands

Answer 26

ligands that cause large d orbital energy splitting

Question 27

what causes colour in transition metal complexes?`

Answer 27

d-d transitions where electrons absorb light and move to higher energy d orbitals

Question 28

how does absorbed light relate to the colour observed?

Answer 28

the observed colour is the complementary colour of the absorbed light

Question 29

what type of spectroscopy is used for visible d-d transitions?

Answer 29

visible spectroscopy

Question 30

what type of spectroscopy is used if d-d transitions are not within the visible spectrum?

Answer 30

ultraviolet spectroscopy

Question 31

what allows transition metals to act as catalysts?

Answer 31

variable oxidation states and availability of d orbitals

Question 32

what is a heterogenous catalyst?

Answer 32

a catalyst in a different physical state than the reactants

Question 33

how do heterogeneous catalysts work?

Answer 33

by adsorbing reactants onto their surface and forming activated complexes

Question 34

what is a homogenous catalyst?

Answer 34

a catalyst in the same physical state as the reactants

Question 35

how do homogenous catalysts work?

Answer 35

by changing oxidation states and forming intermediate complexes

Question 36

spectrochemical series

Answer 36

CN- > NH3 > OH2 > OH- > F- > CL- > Br- > I- Strong field > weak field

Question 37

what makes d-d transitions more likely to occur in the UV region?

Answer 37

if the ligands surrounding the transition metal are strong field