Orbitals + Configuration Flashcards
what dual properties do electrons have?
electrons have both properties of waves and particles
what explains the discrete lines in atomic emission spectra?
electrons behaving as standing (stationary) waves in atoms
where are electrons found in an atom?
in orbitals of various shapes and sizes
how many electrons can an orbital hold?
a maximum of 2 electrons
order of subshells
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s
how many electrons can each shell hold?
1 = 2
2= 8
3 = 18
4 = 32
what is the shape of an s orbital?
spherical
what is the shape of a p orbital?
dumbbell shaped
what does degenerate mean?
orbitals that have the same energy
what does it mean that electrons are quantised?
they possess fixed amounts of energy known as quanta
what does the aufbau principle state?
electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy
what does Hund’s rule state?
degenerate orbitals are filled singly first with parallel spins before pairing
what is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
no orbitals can hold more than two electrons and they must have opposite spins
what do boxes and arrows represent in orbital box notation?
boxes - orbitals
arrows - electrons and their spin
which notation shows the Pauli Exclusion Principle explicitly?
orbital box notation
what do the s p d and f bocks in the period table represent?
the type of subshell that is being filled with electrons
what is ionisation enegry?
the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms
how does ionisation energy change down a group and across a period?
down - decreases
across - increases
what increases the difficulty of removing an electron?
filled or half-filled subshells due to added stability
what does the VSEPR theory help predict?
the shapes of molecules and polyatomic ions
why do electron pairs arrange themselves around a central atom?
to minimise repulsion and maximise serparation
what type of electron pairs determine molecular shape?
both bonding and lone pairs
what is the order of electron pair repulsion strength?
lone-lone > lone-bond > bond-bond
what is a dative bond?
a shared pair of electrons where both electrons come from the same atom
