Transition block: pathology

Question 1

a 49 year old female presents with irregular bleeding and occasionally abnormally heavy bleeding. Sections show a large volume of glandular epithelium with a marked increase in cell number. The nuclei to cytoplasm ratio is low

Answer 1

hyperplastic change

Question 2

Is dysplasia malignant or benign?

Answer 2

benign

Question 3

52 year old female presents with post-menopausal bleeding. She has a BMI of 19. She has two close relatives who dies of bowel cancer

Answer 3

lynch syndrome

Question 4

Least common endometrial cancer

Answer 4

clear cell

Question 5

Other name for Lynch syndrome

Answer 5

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

Question 6

What is a leiomyoma?

Answer 6

benign smooth muscle tumour

Question 7

Uterine leiomyoma

Answer 7

fibroid

Question 8

What does CGIN stand for?

Answer 8

Cervical Glandular Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Question 9

What does CIN stand for?

Answer 9

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Question 10

What is a cell infected with HPV called?

Answer 10

koilocyte

Question 11

Most common type of ovarian cyst

Answer 11

follicular cyst

Question 12

Most common type of ovarian tumour

Answer 12

serous cystadenoma

Question 13

Which type of molar pregnancy can become a choriocarcinoma?

Answer 13

complete

Question 14

Where is the most common place for abnormal cells to develop in the cervix?

Answer 14

transformation zone

- area between squamous and columnar epithelium

Question 15

USS showing snow-storm

Answer 15

molar pregnancy

Question 16

How is a complete mole formed?

Answer 16

sperm fertilizes egg but egg doesn’t have any viable DNA within it so no maternal genetic component, has 46 chromosomes from dad= diploid

Question 17

How is a partial mole formed?

Answer 17

normal ovum fertilized by two sperm to give 69 chromosomes, making it triploid

Question 18

What is a marker for a choriocarcinoma?

Answer 18

hCG

Question 19

Which cancers affect children?

Answer 19

Bones (osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma)
Blood (leukaemia)
Brain (medulloblastoma)

Question 20

What is a carcinoma?

Answer 20

neoplasm of epithelium

Question 21

Name the node in the left supra-clavicular fossa

Answer 21

Virchow’s node

Question 22

Which type of cancer is characterised by signet ring morphology?

Answer 22

adenocarcinoma that produces mucin

Question 23

Who gets thyroid cancer?

Answer 23

20-40 year old women

Question 24

What is a thyroglossal cyst?

Answer 24

a remnant of the thyroglossal duct
presents as a midline structure anywhere from tongue to thyroid
moves on swallowing, moves on sticking out tongue

Question 25

Diffuse thyroid lump

Answer 25

thyroiditis

Question 26

Antibody in Hashimotos

Answer 26

anti-TPO (thyroid peroxidase)

Question 27

Antibody in Graves

Answer 27

anti-TSH receptor

Question 28

Name the cells of the thyroid

Answer 28

follicular cells: take up iodine
colloid cells: contains thyroglobulin
parafollicular cells: secrete calcitonin

Question 29

Types of differentiated thyroid cancer

Answer 29

papillary (spreads in lymph)

follicular (spreads in blood)

Question 30

What is a multinodular goitre?

Answer 30

nodule with autonomous function

secretes excess thyroid hormones

Question 31

Painful goitre

Answer 31

subacute thyroiditis

Question 32

Pathological features of papillary thyroid cancer

Answer 32

orphan annie nuclei

Question 33

how does CMV present?

Answer 33

chorioretinitis and proctitis in immunosuppressed patients

Question 34

What antibiotic causes a rash with EBV?

Answer 34

amoxicillin

Question 35

What is VDRL testing for?

Answer 35

syphilis