Transistors and Amplifiers Flashcards

1
Q

NPN type

bipolar junction transistors

A

operate when the base is positive

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2
Q

PNP

bipolar junction transistors

A

operate when the base is negative

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3
Q

All transistors will operate when they reach

A

the SATURATION VOLTAGE which is 0.7V

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4
Q

the saturation voltage

A

0.7V

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5
Q

Transistors have two functions:

A

They can act as an electronic switch when the saturation voltage is achieved
They can amplify current or voltage

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6
Q

The current gain of the transistor is the amount by which the base current is amplified and is known by Hғᴇ

A

Hғᴇ = Ic/Ib

Hғᴇ = Current Gain (no unit)
Ic = Collector Current (A)
Ib = Base Current (A)
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7
Q

If asked to find weather the transistor is on or not that means calculate

A

Vʙᴇ

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8
Q

If the transistor is on assume that

A

Vʙᴇ = 0.7V unless stated otherwise

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9
Q

Voltage Amplification

A

A transistor can also be used to amplify voltage this can be achieved by adding a load resistor to the collector

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10
Q

Av = Vo/Vi

A
Av = Voltage Gain (no unit)
Vo = Output Voltage (V)
Vi = Input Voltage (V)
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11
Q

ONLY in voltage amplification does

A

Ic = Ie as current is negligible

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12
Q

How to protect a transistor

A

Putting a diode across a relay as it protects the transistor from back EMF.

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13
Q

If you want to drive a large load using the same power supply you must use a

A

Darlington Pair

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14
Q

Hғᴇ = Hғᴇ₁ x Hғᴇ₂

A

Hғᴇ = Current Gain

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15
Q

Darlington Pair saturation voltage is

A

1.4V

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16
Q

Hғᴇ =

these values are interchangeable

A

= Av

these values are interchangeable

17
Q

MOSFET

A

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

18
Q

MOSFET notation

A
G = Gate
S = Source
D = Drain
19
Q

MOSFETs are used to

A

amplify current based on the voltage

this means the size of the input current will vary according to the size of the input, voltage threshold, voltage.

20
Q

The basic operation of a MOSFET

A

When the voltage on the gate is below gate threshold, there is in effect no channel, no current flow source drain

Above the gate threshold voltage a channel is produced connecting the drain and source, producing a drain current

The greater the gate voltage, the better the device conducts the bigger the drain current

At saturation the MOSFET preforms at its best, lowest source/drain resistance, highest drain current.

21
Q

Increasing Vɢs

A

Increases Id

22
Q

When the MOSFET saturates it can’t get any more

A

When Vsᴀᴛ is reached Id cannot increase anymore

23
Q

Id = Id (on)

A

Vds = Vgs- Vt

Vds = Voltage Drain Source (V)
Vgs = Voltage Gate Source (V)
Vt = Thermistor Voltage (V)
24
Q

If the MOSFET is saturated

A

Vgs = Vsᴀᴛ

25
Q

Calculating Transconductance

gₘ = ΔId / ΔVgs

A
gₘ = transconductance (AV-1)
ΔId = Change in Id (A)
ΔVgs = Change in Vgs (V)
26
Q

The Push - Pull Driver

A

If Vɪɴ is +0.7 (positive) then the NPN will switch on and flow anticlockwise.

If Vɪɴ is -0.7V (negative) then the PNP will switch on and flow clockwise.

27
Q

The Comparator

A

Two input signals and one output
the output cannot be greater than 85%.
The op amp compares two separate voltage signals

28
Q

The Difference Amplifier

A

both inputs are used and the op amp amplifies the difference between the two signals.
if there is no difference the output = 0V
A difference amplifier is used to produce proportional control.

29
Q

The Inverting Amplifier

A

The signal is inverted, positive to negative.

30
Q

The Non-Inverting Amplifier

A

It is used to multiply the input voltage by the gain, but in this case it does not invert the signal.

31
Q

The Summing Amplifier

A

Combines the voltage of two or more inputs into one single output.

32
Q

The Voltage-Follower

A

An op amp configuration that ALWAYS has the voltage gain of 1. It does not provide any amplification to the signal.