Transfusions Flashcards
What are ABO blood groups named after?
The antigens which are present on their surface
Blood group A has A antigens (anti B antibodies in plasma)
Blood group B has B antigens (anti A antibodies in plasma)
Bloog group AB has AB antigens (and no antibodies in plasma)
Blood group O has 0 antigens (anti A and B in plasma)
What would happen if you gave the wrong blood group to a patient!
Triggers a massive immune response which leads to shock and DIC coagulation
Individuals may die from circulatory collapse, severe bleeding or renal failure, often within minutes or hours.
Patients should be given their blood type however in a life threatening emergencies then Group O can be safely given to pstients as there are no A or B antigens for the recipients antibodies to react with.
What D blood should
A) D positive patient
B) D negative patient
Recieve?
D positive can recieve any D type blood
D negative should recieve D negative blood
D negative patients can make anti D if rhey are exposed to D positive cells through transfusion or pregnancy
D negative patients of child bearing age should NEVER be transfused with D positive blood
What are the risk factors for transfusion associated circulatory overload?
Low body weight
Patients >70 years old
Pre existing conditions- cardiac failure, renal impairement
What should you include in a request for transfusion?
The reason for the request The pre transfusion test Number and type of component required Urgency of request Location of patient Blood group antibodies Previous transfusion hx and/or transfusion in the last three months Any special requirements Date and time required
What should you test for pre transfusion?
Identify blood groups
Antibody screen to detect if there any any atypical (unexpected) red blood cell results
Why is irradiated blood used?
It is used to destroy and T lymphocytes remaining in the blood donation which may cause graft versus host disease in vulnerable patients
If an immunocompromised patient recieves blood that isn’t irradiated then donors T cells can cause tissue and organ damage which then leads to death.
When is CMV neg blood given?
28 days post due date for neonates
Why might blood of specific age be requested?
Ie: ithe blood is less than 5/7/10 days may be required because K+ concerns in older units
What is supplied if the patients blood group is unknown?
O D negative blood
Can be given immediately
Transfusion of each blood component from removal from controlled storage must be completed within what time frame?
Must be completed within 4 hours of removal from controlled storage
Patients should be transfused in area where they can be readily observed and where they can have a call button to obtain assistance.
What should you do if you suspect mild transfusion reaction?
Stop transfusion
Seek medical advice
Check if it is the correct component for the patient
Asses the patient
Treat the signs and symptoms of the mild reaction appropriately an antipyretic or antihistamine may be required.
Ŵhat should you do if you suspect severe transfusion reaction?
Stop the transfusion
Call the doctor to see patient urgently
Check the compatibility of the unit
Assess the patient
Replace admin set and preserve IV with normal saline to maintain systolic BP
Assess patient
Check urine for haemoglobinuria
Commence O2/ adrenaline/diuretics/resuscitate
Reassess patient and treat appropriately
What is delayed transfusion reaction?
Usually in patients who have developed red cell antibodies in the past from transfusion or pregnancy, a combination of features occurs days after the transfusion suggesting that red cells are being destroyed abnormally quickly
Signs and symptoms include Fever Falling haemoglobin or a rise in Hb less tan expected Jaundice Haemoglobinuria
