transfusion science/Acute transfusion services Flashcards
what is blood?
blood is a tissue
what is a blood transfusion?
a partial organ/tissue transplant
what do red blood cells carry?
antigens
what does blood plasma contain?
the antibodies to cell antigens
what does an effective transfusion require?
donor and recipient to be typed and ‘cross-matched’ to avoid destruction of the transfused cells
what can a blood transfusion stimulate?
an immune response in the recipient
why can a blood transfusion transmit disease?
because blood is a biological fluid
what determines blood group specificity?
The inherited antigens on red cells
where are blood group antigens found?
Carried on the protein components inserted in the red cell membrane
what are blood group antibodies?
Proteins produced by an immune response. May be IgG, or IgM antibodies
what is the most important system in transfusion practice?
ABO blood group system
what can happen if there is an ABO incompatible transfusion?
can cause serious/fatal transfusion reactions
what can ABO antibodies cause?
rapid & total destruction of incompatible blood intravascularly
can the ABO antibodies cross the placenta?
no
what is Landsteiners theory?
- 2 different antigens (A+B) on surface of blood cells
- identified a group of blood cells with no antigen which he called O for zero
what are the 4 possible blood groups in the ABO system?
A
B
AB
O
what are the characteristics of Group A individuals?
A antigen on red cells
Anti-B antibody in plasma
what are the characteristics of Group B individuals?
B antigen on red cells
Anti-A antibody in plasma
what are the characteristics of blood group AB individuals?
A and B antigen on red cells
Neither anti A or anti B antibodies in plasma
what are the characteristics of Group O individuals?
No antigens on red cells
Both anti-A and anti B antibodies in plasma
how are the ABO blood groups inherited?
One set of genes from mother/one set from father
what are examples of homozygous inheritance of blood group?
AA
BB
OO
what are examples of heterozygous inheritance of blood group?
AO
BO
AB
which genes are co-dominant in blood group inheritance?
A and B genes
if there are AO genes what is the blood group?
Blood group A
if there are BO genes what is the blood group?
Blood group B
if there are AB genes what is the blood group?
Blood group AB
is the O gene recessive or dominant?
recessive
how does an individual inherit blood group O?
OO genes
how is blood group expression controlled?
by three separate genetic loci
what are the three loci that control blood group expression?
ABO on chromosome 9
H on chromosome 19 (FUT1)
Se (secretor geen) also on chromosome 19 (FUT2)
how are blood group genes inherited?
in pairs of Mendelian dominants
what sort of gene is the O gene?
an AMORPH i.e. there is no active gene product