Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Haematology > haematology and haemopoeisis > Flashcards

haematology and haemopoeisis Flashcards

1
Q

what is haematology?

A

the study of blood;

diagnosis and monitoring of diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how is a full blood count measured?

A

measured on automated analysers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is included in a full blood count?

A

red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count(WBC), platelets and mean cell volume (MCV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the mean cell volume?

A

the average size of a red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the calculated parameters of haematological tests?

A

haematocrit (HCT)/packed cell volume (PCV); mean cell haemoglobin (MCH); mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are some common haematological tests?

A

blood films; erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); plasma viscosity; coagulation screen; haemoglobin-variant detection; molecular testing and point of care testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is measured in haematinic assays?

A

Iron, ferritin, B12 and folic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some pathology disciplines that overlap with haematology?

A

blood transfusion, immunology, clinical biochemistry, microbiology, histopathology, cytology, genetics, stem cell laboratories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is haemopoiesis?

A

the process by which the cellular elements of blood are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the components of blood?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the primary function of red blood cells?

A

to carry oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the primary function of white blood cells?

A

prevention and recovery from disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the primary function of platelets?

A

function in blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the most numerous type of cell in the blood?

A

red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the normal range of RBC in the blood?

A

4.0-5.5x10^12/ L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the size of RBC?

A

6.7-7.7 micrometer diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do RBCs contain?

A

haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do RBCs do?

A

carry oxygen from lungs to tissues; transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how long do RBCs last?

A

110-120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the least numerous cell type found in the blood?

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is total white blood count normal range?

A

3.5-10x10^9/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 5 types of white blood cells?

A

lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

cells that contain granules in their cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which white blood cells are granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the normal range of neutrophils in the blood?

A

1.5-7.5x10^9/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the function of neutrophils?

A

fight against bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how many lobes present in the nucleus of mature neutrophils?

A

3 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the half-life of neutrophils in circulation?

A

7 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

morphology of the granules in neutrophils?

A

fine faint granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the normal range of eosinophils in the blood?

A

0.03-0.60x10^9/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how many lobes in the nucleus of eosinophils?

A

2 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

morphology of the granules in eosinophils?

A

coarse orange granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

functions of eosinophils?

A

release histamine in allergic reactions and regulate hypersensitivity reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

which WBC is the effector cell for antibody-dependent damage to parasites?

A

eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the normal range for basophils in the blood?

A

0.01-0.15x10^9/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how many lobes in the nucleus of basophils?

A

2 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

morphology of the granules in basophils?

A

dark coarse azurophilic granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is special about the granules in basophils?

A

they contain enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the functions of basophils?

A

moderate inflammatory responses; release heparin and proteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

are lymphocytes a type of granulocyte?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the normal range of lymphocytes in the blood?

A

1.2-3.5x10^9/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

fight viral infection and produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

where are lymphocytes found?

A

circulate between blood and lymphatic system?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the life span of a lymphocyte?

A

variable life span from a few hours to 4-5 years in the circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the nucleus like in lymphocytes?

A

circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the normal range for monocytes?

A

0.2-0.8x10^9/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the functions of monocytes?

A

fight bacterial infections; phagocytose bacteria and cells coated with antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is important about monocytes?

A

they are the precursors of tissue macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the life span of monocytes?

A

70 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

which of the WBCs are phagocytic?

A

neutrophils and monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the normal range of platelets in the blood?

A

150-400x10^9/L

52
Q

what is the structure of platelets like?

A

small discoid structures

53
Q

size of platelets?

A

0.3-0.5 micrometers diameter

54
Q

what is the lifespan of platelets in circulation?

A

7-10 days

55
Q

when are platelets important?

A

blood clotting (haemostasis)

56
Q

what do platelets do?

A

form plug at the site of injury (primary haemostasis); initiate secondary haemostasis

57
Q

what is the site of haemopoiesis in a 2-week embryo?

A

yolk sack

58
Q

what is the site of haemopoiesis in a 12-16 week embryo?

A

liver and spleen

59
Q

what is the site of haemopoiesis at birth?

A

bone marrow, all bones

60
Q

what is the site of haemopoiesis in an adult?

A

proximal ends of long bones, flat bones such as sternum, pelvis and vertebrae

61
Q

which marrow is active?

A

red bone marrow

62
Q

which marrow is inactive

A

yellow bone marrow

63
Q

what does haemopoiesis involve?

A

proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis

64
Q

how is haemopoiesis regulated?

A

by growth factors

65
Q

what are the 2 main classes of growth factors?

A

colony stimulating factors

interleukins

66
Q

what do growth factors do?

A

regulate haemopoiesis

inhibit apoptosis

67
Q

what are haemopoietic growth factors?

A

glycoproteins

68
Q

where are haemopoietic growth factors produced?

A

stromal cells, t-lymphocytes, liver and kidney

69
Q

what does the bone marrow produce?

A

> 1million RBC per minute; similar number of WBC and platelets

70
Q

what is a haemopoietic stem cell (HSC)?

A

a cell which gives rise to all other blood cells

71
Q

where are HSCs derived from?

A

mesoderm - found in early stages of embryonic development

72
Q

where are HSCs located?

A

located in the bone marrow

73
Q

what markers are present on the HSC?

A

CD34+

74
Q

what does a HSC look like?

A

a small lymphocyte

75
Q

what are some features of a haemopoietic stem cell?

A

has the ability to self renew; can find its way back to the bone marrow

76
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

red blood cell production

77
Q

what regulates erythropoiesis?

A

erythropoietin - EPO (hormone)

78
Q

where is EPO produced?

A

in the kidney

79
Q

How is EPO production stimulated?

A

as blood passes through the kidney –> low oxygen levels are detected - this indicates low RBC –> kidney is signalled to produce EPO.

80
Q

what stops the production of EPO?

A

when the blood passes through the kidney and there is sufficient oxygen, the kidney is instructed to stop producing EPO.

81
Q

what is the earliest erythroid precursor in the bone marrow?

A

pronormoblast

82
Q

why can red blood cells pass through the capillary microbules?

A

due to their flexible membrane (biconcave disc)

83
Q

what is the cause of RBC death?

A

loss of the enzymes which maintained shape and flexibility.

84
Q

where are RBCs destroyed?

A

bone marrow, spleen and liver

85
Q

what happens to the cellular content from the destroyed RBC?

A

the cellular content (proteins, lipid and iron) are recycled

86
Q

what happens to the breakdown products of haemoglobin?

A

they are excreted through liver, faeces and urine

87
Q

what are granulocytes and monocytes produced from?

A

common myeloid precursor cells

88
Q

how are granulopoiesis and monopoiesis regulated?

A

the combined actions of haemopoietic growth factors

89
Q

what does IL-3 regulate?

A

the production of neutrophils, monocytes and basophils

90
Q

what is GM-CSF?

A

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

91
Q

what does IL-5 regulate?

A

production of eosinophils

92
Q

stages of the development of granulocytes?

A

myeloblast –> promyelocyte –> myelocyte –> metamyelocyte –> band forms –> mature granulocyte

93
Q

what are the stages of monocytopoiesis?

A

monoblast –> promonocyte –> marrow monocyte –> blood monocyte (–> tissue macrophage)

94
Q

how long do blood monocytes last in circulation?

A

20-40 hours

95
Q

what is the morphology of blood monocytes?

A

they have variable morphology

96
Q

what sort of nucleus is present in blood monocytes?

A

mononuclear

97
Q

what is the function of blood monocytes?

A

phagocytose and destroy bacteria

98
Q

how is lymphopoiesis regulated?

A

by IL1, 2, 4, 6 and 7

99
Q

steps of lymphopoiesis?

A

lymphoblast –> prolymphocyte –> large lymphocyte –> small lymphocyte

100
Q

what are the 2 types of lymphopoiesis?

A

B lymphopoiesis and T lymphopoiesis

101
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

in the bone marrow

102
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

in the thymus

103
Q

what are B lymphocytes responsible for?

A

humoral immunity

104
Q

what do B lymphocytes do?

A

carry surface receptors which recognise and bind foreign antigen; trigger cell proliferation into plasma cells; secreter antibodies

105
Q

what are T cells responsible for?

A

cellular immunity

106
Q

what is important for T cell activation?

A

antigen specificity

107
Q

how are T cells activated?

A

antigen must be processed and presented by macrophages for activation to occur

108
Q

what are the 5 main subsets of T lymphocytes?

A

T helper, T memory, T regulatory, T cytotoxic and Natural killer cells

109
Q

what is thrombopoiesis?

A

platelet development

110
Q

how is thrombopoiesis regulated?

A

by thrombopoietin

111
Q

what do platelets interact with to form initial barrier to blood loss?

A

von Willibrands factor

112
Q

how do platelets support coagulation?

A

they provide a negatively charged lipid surface

113
Q

what are some functions of platelets?

A

localise thrombus formation, promote vasoconstriction, promote vessel repair

114
Q

what are the stages of thrombopoiesis?

A

megakaryoblast –> promegakaryocyte –> megakaryocyte –> platelets

115
Q

what is endomitotic replication?

A

replication of DNA without nuclear or cell division

116
Q

what happens to cells after cycles of endomitosis?

A

cells become progressively larger with each complete cycle of endomitosis

117
Q

what is the result of endomitosis?

A

large uninucleate cells with 64n DNA content

118
Q

what happens in the cytoplasm of mature megakaryocyte?

A

a large number of platelets are produced

119
Q

what happens to the platelets in the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes?

A

rapidly discharged directly into the bone marrow

120
Q

what happens to the bare nucleus of megakaryocytes?

A

phagocytosed by macrophages

121
Q

how long does thrombopoiesis take?

A

2-3 days

122
Q

how many platelets does a megakaryocyte produce?

A

each megakaryocyte produces 2000-7000 platelets

123
Q

what are the steps of primary haemostasis?

A

platelet activation, platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation

124
Q

when is secondary haemostasis needed?

A

when platelet plug is not sufficient to stem blood loss and needs to be reinforced.

125
Q

how does secondary haemostasis reinforce primary haemostasis?

A

by a series of biochemical reactions

126
Q

what does secondary haemopoiesis do?

A

transform soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.

127
Q

what does insoluble fibrin do?

A

intertwines with cellular components of the forming thrombus = forms a supporting scaffold

Haematology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions