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Haematology and Transfusion > Transfusion Science > Flashcards

Transfusion Science Flashcards

1
Q

what is the red cell membrane composed of?

A

lipid, protein and a small amount of carbohydrate (glycolipids, glycoprotein)

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2
Q

what gives the red cell membrane a net negative charge?

A

the glycoproteins

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3
Q

what macromolecule are the ABO, Lewis and H antigens associated with?

A

carbohydrate

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4
Q

what membrane structure are the Rh, Kelly, Duffy and Kidd antigens associated with?

A

glycoprotein

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5
Q

what chromosome is the ABO genes on?

A

chromosome 9

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6
Q

what chromosome is the Rh gene on?

A

chromosome 1

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7
Q

what blood group system has the most antigen sites per red cell?

A

ABO

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8
Q

what blood group system has the least antigen sites per red cell?

A

Kell system

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9
Q

are more antigen sites present on homozygote or heterozygote individuals?

A

homozygote

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10
Q

what are antibodies?

A

proteins that are produced when a foreign antigenic structure is recognized by the immune system

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11
Q

what is an epitope?

A

the part of the antigen recognised by the immune system

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12
Q

what does the primary immune response produce?

A

IgM antibodies, slower

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13
Q

what does the secondary immune response produce?

A

IgG antibodies, faster

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14
Q

what causes the production of antibodies?

A
  1. environmental antigens- bacteria or viruses

2. rbc antigens- blood transfusion or pregnancy

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15
Q

what are the light chain classes?

A

kappa and lambda

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16
Q

what are the heavy chain classes?

A

mu, gamma, alpha, delta, epsilon

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17
Q

what part of the antibody anchors it to the surface of cells?

A

the constant regions

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18
Q

what Ig can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

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19
Q

How is the diversity of the immune system acheived?

A

by genetic recombination

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20
Q

what is K the affinity constant?

A

a measure of the sum of variety of weak non covalent interactions between the antigen and antibody

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21
Q

what forces enable antigen antibody binding

A

Ionic, van der Waals, Hydrogen, hydrophobic bonds

22
Q

what are the stages in haemagglutination?

A

sensitisation: antibodies attach to antigen
agglutination: intracellular bridges form a lattice of adjacent cells

23
Q

what factors affect sensitsation?

A

temperature, incubation time, ionic strength, pH

24
Q

what are the cold reacting antibodies?

A

ABO, Lewis

25
Q

what are the warm reacting antibodies?

A

Rh, Kell, Duffy and Kidd

26
Q

what does lowering the ionic strength of a medium do?

A

speeds up the rate of association between antibody and antigen and increasing K value

27
Q

what factors affect in vitro agglutination?

A

electrical charge, characteristics of antibody, proximity of cells, location of antigen sites, concentration of antibody

28
Q

what is zeta potential?

A

the difference in potential expressed at the boundary of shear (edge of electron cloud)

29
Q

what charge are red cells?

A

negative due to sialic acid residues

30
Q

what does high zeta potential do?

A

prevents agglutination

31
Q

what neutralizes the red cell charge?

A

papain, trypsin, bromelin, ficin

32
Q

causes of agglutination

A

centrifugation, proteolytic enzymes, polymers, AHG

33
Q

what causes direct agglutination?

A

IgM antibodies are large enough to span the gap between cells - ABO blood grouping

34
Q

what causes indirect agglutination?

A

IgG antibodies, require AHG or enzymes to bridge the gap as IgG is too small

35
Q

who described the first ABO blood group system?

A

Karl Landsteiner in 1901

36
Q

are ABO antibodies IgM or IgG?

A

IgM

37
Q

how do the ABO antibodies cause intravascular hemolysis of incompatible cells?

A

complement activation

38
Q

where is the ABO locus on genes?

A

chromosome 9

39
Q

where is the H and Se locus on genes?

A

chromosome 19

40
Q

what does a-2-fucosyltransferase do?

A

converts a precursor oligosaccharide chain by the addition of fucose to H antigen

41
Q

will a homozygous h allele form the H antigen?

A

no - doesnt encode transferase

42
Q

what do the H,A,B genes encode for the production of?

A

transferase enzymes

43
Q

what blood type has the most H antigen present?

A

O

44
Q

is H antigen present on bombay cells?

A

no

45
Q

what is the difference between A1 and A2 individuals?

A

A1 and A1B have more antigen sites than A2/A2B

A1 has A and A1 antigen, A2 only A

46
Q

what antibodies does bombay individuals have in serum?

A

antiA, antiB and anti H

47
Q

what stimulates ABO antibodies?

A

environmental antigens - bacteria and viruses

48
Q

when do ABO antibodies form?

A

3-6 months after birth

49
Q

when are ABH antigens expressed weakly?

A

patients with leukaemia

50
Q

when does group A individual acquire B antigen?

A

with gastrointestinal cancer and bacterial infections

Haematology and Transfusion (6 decks)

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