transfer of skills Flashcards
what are the 5 types of transfer
- proactive transfer
- retroactive transfer
- positive transfer
- negative transfer
- bilateral transfer
what is positive transfer
When the learning & performance of one skill helps or aids the learning & performance of another skill e.g Netball chest pass to basketball chest pass
what is negative transfer?
When the learning & performance of one skill hinders the learning & performance of another skill e.g Basketball defence to rugby tackle
what is proactive transfer?
When a skill currently being learned is affected by a skill previously learnt which may also affect a skill yet to be learnt e.g Volleyball serve positively affected by over-arm throw of a ball which may positively affect a tennis serve
what is retroactive transfer?
When a skill currently being learnt affects a skill already learnt e.g Shooting in netball may negatively affect learnt shooting technique in basketball
what is bilateral transfer?
The transfer of a skill from one side of the body to the other e.g passing a football with both the left and right foot
when does positive transfer most likely to occur?
- Structure & context in which skills are performed are similar to the practice environment
- Information processing requirements in practice are similar to the ones of the actual skill
- Identical Elements Theory – The greater the number of components of practice that are relevant to the real situation the greater the chance of positive transfer occurring
- The greater the number of elements identical between the two skills the greater the amount of transfer
when does negative transfer most likely to occur?
- Occurs when a familiar stimulus requires a new response
- May occur due to a previous skill or subroutine being learnt incorrectly
- Practice conditions may be too different from the ‘real’ situation
- Temporary
- Attention must be drawn to the problem so it can be addressed and corrected
how can you limit negative transfer?
- Coaches should avoid practicing skills with conflicting elements too close together
- Coaches should draw the attention of the performer to possible negative transfer so help avoid the problem
- Coaches should avoid too many differing movement patterns that could confuse performers during practice
how can you optimise positive transfer?
- Coaches need to make performers aware of the transferable elements of skills
- Activities should emulate the real game situation
- Each sub-routine of a skill should be practiced and perfected before moving on to the next sub-routine
- Each sub-routine should flow smoothly into the next
what is transfer?
Transfer is the effect that one skill has on the learning and performance of another skill
which ways can bilateral transfer can happen
Cognitive aspects of the skill – Understanding of what is required. Knowing the movements required to carry out the action using the non-preferred side of the body
Transfer of the motor programme – The pattern of movement learnt on one side of the body is used sub-consciously when the other side is used
what is asymmetrical Transfer Training
Practicing a skill with the preferred limb until it is over-learned and then practicing with non-preferred limb. For example in football , learning to kick the ball with the right foot first and when this is over learnt, learning to kick it with the left foot
what is symmetrical transfer training ?
Practicing a skill with both the preferred limb and the non-preferred limb at the same time. For example learning to kick a football with both feet simultaneously in the same practice sessions
Using an example from sport explain how a sports performer could be encouraged to use both preferred and non-preferred limbs in their activity. Refer to symmetrical and asymmetrical transfer training in your answer
A swimmer learning breathing technique could learn to take a breath to the right side first, overlearn this technique and then transfer over to the left side and overlearn it. This is asymmetrical transfer. Alternatively they could learn to breath on both the left and the right side simultaneously. This is bi-lateral breathing and is symmetrical transfer.
