stages of learning Flashcards
what is the cognitive phase of learning ?
- Mental image is being formed in this phase
- Needs conscious thought or concentration throughout the technique or subroutine
- Performer is unable to use kinaesthetic feedback & is reliant upon external feedback or visual cues
- Performers movement lacks fluency or rhythm. It is often jerky and trial & error is a common feature
what must the coach do to optimise cognitive phase of learning ?
Use demonstrations to create a mental image
Highlight relevant cues important to successful performance
Use unsuccessful movements as a learning tool. All experiences are worthwhile
Ensure the performer understands why failure occurred.
what is a practical example of cognitive stage of learning ?
a teacher demonstrates a serve to a beginner badminton player. The performer has a mental picture plus key cues and practises
what is an associative stage of learning ?
- Actual performance begins to match the match the mental image
- Motor programmes begin to be formed
- More detailed feedback can be used as well as kinaesthetic feedback and the performer becomes -less dependent on extrinsic feedback
- Performers start to learn from mistakes & fewer mistakes are made
- Performance becomes more fluent and efficient with less jerky movements
- Some people never leave this stage of learning
what is a practical example of associative stage of learning ?
An individual performs a tennis serve & hits the net . Using a combination of external feedback (coach) and kinaesthetic feedback (the individual) the performer is able to correct the serve for the next time
what is an autonomous stage of learning ?
- Accurate & consistent technique with a fully formed motor programme
- Fluent and rhythmic movement
- Little or no conscious control needed. Allows performer to focus on strategy & tactics as a result of the spare attentional capacity
- Performer is able to use & rely upon kinaesthetic feedback effectively
- If the performer doesn’t practice consistently then they may return to the associative phase of learning
what is a practical example of autonomous stage of learning ?
A high jumper consistently clearing the bar
what is verbal guidance ?
Verbal guidance is the explanation of a skill to highlight key aspects of the skill for example, a coach will explain how to execute the offside trap in football
what are the advantages of verbal guidance ?
- verbal explanation
- Feedback given immediately
- Direct performer to important cues
- Used with visual to form visual image
- Good for autonomous performers
what are the problems of verbal guidance
- Language used maybe too complex
- Too much info may be given at once
- Complex skills maybe difficult to describe
what is visual guidance ?
Visual guidance is the use of demonstration to create a mental image of the skill in the learners mind, for example, A coach will demonstrate the technique for throwing a javelin
what are the advantages of visual guidance ?
Demonstration
- Forms a mental picture
- Shows result of skill
- Can highlight a weakness
- Is good for cognitive performers
- Can be a video, book or chart
what are the problem with visual guidance
- Too much info can be given at once
- Requires demo to be accurate
- Performer must be able to match demo
- Demo must hold learners attention
what is mechanical guidance?
Mechanical guidance is the use of objects or apparatus to help shape skill and give an early feel for the skill for example, a coach may use a harness in trampolining to help shape the somersault
what are the advantages of mechanical guidance ?
- Uses an object or apparatus to shape skill
- Gives an early feel for the skill
- Reduces fear & anxiety
- Can be used with disabled athletes
what are the problems with mechanical guidance?
- Overuse may inhibit kinesthesis
- Performer may become dependant
- Motivation may be lost if the performer feels they are not completing the skill alone
- Limited use for autonomous learners
- Difficult to administer with large groups
- Doesn’t allow for mistakes to be made & corrected
what is manual guidance ?
Manual guidance is the physical support of a skill to help build the confidence of the performer for example, a gymnastics coach may hold the ankles of a gymnast when performing a handstand
what is the advantages of manual guidance ?
- Physical support of a skill
- Can develop a kinesthesis
- Can break down a complex skill into parts
- Eliminates danger
- Reduces fear & anxiety
- Builds confidence
what are the problems of manual guidance ?
- Performer may become dependent
- Overuse may inhibit kinesthesis
- Proximity of coach may be upsetting
what is positive feedback ?
Given externally by teacher or coach in the form of praise
what are the benefits of positive feedback?
- Reinforces Learning & strengthens the S-R bond
- Motivates Cognitive & associative learners
what are the drawbacks of positive feedback?
- PF should clearly indicate parts of the skill that were performed correctly
- If undeserved may build incorrect S-R bond
what is negative feedback ?
- Received when the movement is incorrect.
- It can be intrinsic or extrinsic
what is the benefits of negative feedback ?
- Beneficial to expert performers
- Can motivate
- Clear about how to improve
what is the drawbacks of negative feedback?
- Demotivates cognitive & associative learners
- Should not be criticism or unfounded
what is intrinsic feedback?
- In the form of sensory FB
- Received via internal proprioceptors & kinesthesis is involved
what is the benefits of intrinsic feedback?
- Autonomous performers use this to aid fluency & timing
- FB is immediate
- FB is likely to be accurate
what is the drawbacks of intrinsic feedback?
-Unsuitable for associative & cognitive learners who are dependant on extrinsic feedback
what is extrinsic feedback ?
-From external sources.
Also known as augmented FB.
-Supplements sensory FB
what are the benefits of extrinsic feedback ?
- Received via visual & auditory senses
- Coaching points can lead to improvement
what are the drawbacks of extrinsic feedback?
- Doesn’t encourage development of kinesthesis
- Incorrect FB can lead to negative transfer
- Poor FB can lead to a lack of motivation
what is knowledge of performance ?
Concerns the quality of the movement. Can be internal
what are the benefits of knowledge of performance?
- Can be internal & external
- Can be motivational
what are the drawbacks of knowledge of performance ?
- Can only be used by autonomous performers
- Can demotivate if used incorrectly
what is the knowledge of results ?
Concerns the result or outcome of the movement & is extrinsic
what are the benefits of knowledge of results ?
- Essential in learning skills & cognitive stage of learning
- Can be positive & negative
what are the drawbacks of knowledge of results?
Can demotivate if used incorrectly
how should coaches give effective feedback?
-Facilitating Intrinsic Feedback/Kinesthesis
Feedback should encourage the performer to recognise the quality of their movements allowing them to correct errors quickly
-A limited amount of information
There could be a danger of overloading the performer with information, especially cognitive performers. The focus should be on simple, specific points that are easily understood
-Immediacy
Feedback should be given as soon as possible after the performance so the performer can relate the feedback to their recent experience retained in the memory store
-Related to the Individual
Feedback should be directed at individuals meaning they can relate to the feedback easily
