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Biology unit 1 > Transcription > Flashcards

Transcription Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Central Dogma

A

information flows in one direction: from DNA to RNA to proteins

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2
Q

Central Dogma includes three processes

A

Replication – copy of DNA is made
Transcription – DNA to RNA
Translation – RNA to proteins

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3
Q

DNA contains genes
genes are

A

small sections of DNA with the blueprint for making proteins

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4
Q

DNA is located in

A

the nucleus

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5
Q

Proteins are ____ which are located in the cytoplasm

A

made on the ribosomes

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6
Q

There must be another molecules that helps bring the genetic code ____________________________________

A

outside the nucleus to the ribosomes

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7
Q

The special helper molecules is _______ = _____________

A

RNA = ribonucleic acid

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8
Q

Transcription is ______ _________________________________

A

the process by which RNA is built from a template of DNA

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9
Q

Transcription converts

A

a gene into a single- stranded RNA molcules

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10
Q

Steps of Transcription

A

Inititation An enzyme (RNA polymerase) unzips the DNA

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11
Q

The enzyme recognizes the start of a gene called a ________ and binds to it

A

a promoter

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12
Q

Elongation

A

The addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand

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13
Q

RNA polymerase does what?

A

reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs.

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14
Q

The promoter signals the DNa to wind so the ____ can what?

A

(enzyme)
read the nitrogen bases

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15
Q

During this process of RNA polymerase, ____________in the DNA binds to a _______ in the ____

A

an adenine (A)
uracil (U)
RNA

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16
Q

Termination

A

The ending of transcription

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17
Q

Occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a ______________ sequence in the gene.

A

stop (termination)

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18
Q

The ______ recognizes the start of a gene, called the promoter, and binds to it

A

enzyme

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19
Q

The mRNA strand is complete, and it ______ _____

A

detaches from DNA

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20
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries the message that will be translated to form a protein

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21
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made

22
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome

23
Q

Translation

A

process that converts an mRNA message into a protein (polypeptide)

24
Q

Proteins are what?

A

made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

25
Q

And proteins are ….

A

made by ribosomes

26
Q

Ribosomes

A

consist of two subunits

27
Q

The large subunit ……

A

has three binding sites for tRNA

28
Q

The small subunit …….

A

binds to mRNA

29
Q

Strands of mRNA

A

read in groups of three nitrogen bases

30
Q

3 nitrogen bases=

A

codon

31
Q

A codon is

A

a sequence of three nitrogen bases that codes for an amino acid

32
Q

There are

A

64 different codons

33
Q

There are how many different amino acids

A

20

34
Q

Genetic Code

A

is a chart that matches each codon to its amino acid

35
Q

There are _____ ______ chart versions of the genetic code

A

MANY different

36
Q

Many amino acids are coded for by ______ _________

A

more than one codon

37
Q

Leucine is coded for by

A

UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG

38
Q

Some codons do not code for amino acids:

A

three STOP codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)

39
Q

Some codons do not code just for amino acids

A

one START codon (AUG = methionine)

40
Q

Regardless of the organism codons always…

A

code for the same amino acid

41
Q

The change in ….

A

the order of the codons and the order they are read changes the protein

42
Q

anticodon

A

is a set of three nucleotides that is complementary (opposite) to an mRNA codon

43
Q

Anticodons are carried by

A

tRNA

44
Q

This ensures that

A

the correct amino acid will be added to the growing polypeptide chain

45
Q

INITIATION

A

mRNA travels and binds to the small ribosomal subunit

46
Q

tRNA brings the amino acid methionine _____ ___________

A

to bind to the start codon

47
Q

Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNAs and linked together with _____ ______ to form a chain

A

peptide bonds

48
Q

When a ______ _____ is recognized, the elongation of amino acid chain terminates
The ribosome then folds the polypeptide into its final structure
The ribosome will then disassemble

A

STOP codon

49
Q

mutation

A

any change in an organism’s DNA sequence

50
Q

Some mutations are caused by environmental factors called?

A

mutagens

51
Q

Any factor that causes a change in DNA is called

A

mutagen

52
Q
A

Biology unit 1 (6 decks)

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