Transcription

Question 1

The Central Dogma

Answer 1

information flows in one direction: from DNA to RNA to proteins

Question 2

Central Dogma includes three processes

Answer 2

Replication – copy of DNA is made
Transcription – DNA to RNA
Translation – RNA to proteins

Question 3

DNA contains genes
genes are

Answer 3

small sections of DNA with the blueprint for making proteins

Question 4

DNA is located in

Answer 4

the nucleus

Question 5

Proteins are ____ which are located in the cytoplasm

Answer 5

made on the ribosomes

Question 6

There must be another molecules that helps bring the genetic code ____________________________________

Answer 6

outside the nucleus to the ribosomes

Question 7

The special helper molecules is _______ = _____________

Answer 7

RNA = ribonucleic acid

Question 8

Transcription is ______ _________________________________

Answer 8

the process by which RNA is built from a template of DNA

Question 9

Transcription converts

Answer 9

a gene into a single- stranded RNA molcules

Question 10

Steps of Transcription

Answer 10

Inititation An enzyme (RNA polymerase) unzips the DNA

Question 11

The enzyme recognizes the start of a gene called a ________ and binds to it

Answer 11

a promoter

Question 12

Elongation

Answer 12

The addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand

Question 13

RNA polymerase does what?

Answer 13

reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs.

Question 14

The promoter signals the DNa to wind so the ____ can what?

Answer 14

(enzyme)
read the nitrogen bases

Question 15

During this process of RNA polymerase, ____________in the DNA binds to a _______ in the ____

Answer 15

an adenine (A)
uracil (U)
RNA

Question 16

Termination

Answer 16

The ending of transcription

Question 17

Occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a ______________ sequence in the gene.

Answer 17

stop (termination)

Question 18

The ______ recognizes the start of a gene, called the promoter, and binds to it

Answer 18

enzyme

Question 19

The mRNA strand is complete, and it ______ _____

Answer 19

detaches from DNA

Question 20

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 20

carries the message that will be translated to form a protein

Question 21

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 21

forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made

Question 22

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 22

brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome

Question 23

Translation

Answer 23

process that converts an mRNA message into a protein (polypeptide)

Question 24

Proteins are what?

Answer 24

made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Question 25

And proteins are ....

Answer 25

made by ribosomes

Question 26

Ribosomes

Answer 26

consist of two subunits

Question 27

The large subunit ......

Answer 27

has three binding sites for tRNA

Question 28

The small subunit .......

Answer 28

binds to mRNA

Question 29

Strands of mRNA

Answer 29

read in groups of three nitrogen bases

Question 30

3 nitrogen bases=

Answer 30

codon

Question 31

A codon is

Answer 31

a sequence of three nitrogen bases that codes for an amino acid

Question 32

There are

Answer 32

64 different codons

Question 33

There are how many different amino acids

Answer 33

20

Question 34

Genetic Code

Answer 34

is a chart that matches each codon to its amino acid

Question 35

There are _____ ______ chart versions of the genetic code

Answer 35

MANY different

Question 36

Many amino acids are coded for by ______ _________

Answer 36

more than one codon

Question 37

Leucine is coded for by

Answer 37

UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG

Question 38

Some codons do not code for amino acids:

Answer 38

three STOP codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)

Question 39

Some codons do not code just for amino acids

Answer 39

one START codon (AUG = methionine)

Question 40

Regardless of the organism codons always…

Answer 40

code for the same amino acid

Question 41

The change in ....

Answer 41

the order of the codons and the order they are read changes the protein

Question 42

anticodon

Answer 42

is a set of three nucleotides that is complementary (opposite) to an mRNA codon

Question 43

Anticodons are carried by

Answer 43

tRNA

Question 44

This ensures that

Answer 44

the correct amino acid will be added to the growing polypeptide chain

Question 45

INITIATION

Answer 45

mRNA travels and binds to the small ribosomal subunit

Question 46

tRNA brings the amino acid methionine _____ ___________

Answer 46

to bind to the start codon

Question 47

Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNAs and linked together with _____ ______ to form a chain

Answer 47

peptide bonds

Question 48

When a ______ _____ is recognized, the elongation of amino acid chain terminates The ribosome then folds the polypeptide into its final structure The ribosome will then disassemble

Answer 48

STOP codon

Question 49

mutation

Answer 49

any change in an organism’s DNA sequence

Question 50

Some mutations are caused by environmental factors called?

Answer 50

mutagens

Question 51

Any factor that causes a change in DNA is called

Answer 51

mutagen