Trait 2 (L7) Flashcards
What are the five factors proposed by Costa & McCrae?
O: openness, C: conscientiousness, E: extraversion, A: agreeableness, N: neuroticism
This is known as the OCEAN model of personality traits.
What instruments are used to test the five factors of personality?
NEO-PI-R or the IPIP-NEO
These are standardized assessments used to measure the OCEAN traits.
What was the main claim during the ‘Decade of Doubt’ (1960-1970)?
Behavior is driven by the situation, not by traits
This was a critical period questioning the stability of personality traits.
Who argued that both situation and personality traits drive behavior?
Bandura
Bandura’s perspective emphasizes the interaction between situational factors and personality.
At what age do McRae & Costa propose that traits become stable?
Around the age of 30
This suggests that personality traits may solidify as individuals mature.
What does the ‘O’ in OCEAN stand for?
Openness (vs closed)
Openness reflects a person’s willingness to engage with new experiences.
What does the ‘C’ in OCEAN stand for?
Conscientiousness (vs carelessness)
Conscientiousness indicates how organized and dependable an individual is.
What does the ‘E’ in OCEAN stand for?
Extraversion (vs introversion)
Extraversion measures how outgoing and social a person is.
What does the ‘A’ in OCEAN stand for?
Agreeableness (vs antagonism)
Agreeableness reflects how cooperative and compassionate a person is.
What does the ‘N’ in OCEAN stand for?
Neuroticism (vs emotional stability)
Neuroticism refers to emotional instability and the tendency to experience negative emotions.
What is one limitation of using traits to describe behavior?
Variability in behavior depending on the situation
For example, individuals may not express their traits in certain contexts, such as a funeral.
What is a potential issue with language when discussing traits?
Some languages may have words to describe traits that others do not
This can lead to misunderstandings or misrepresentations of traits across cultures.
How do traits describe behavior despite their variability?
They describe a central tendency
This means traits can indicate a general pattern of behavior while still allowing for individual differences.
What is longitudinal stability in relation to personality traits?
People select environments that reinforce their traits
This leads to greater stability of traits as individuals age.
What happens to the stability of traits as people get older?
More stability is observed
Aging is associated with a reduction in variability of behavioral expressions of traits.
Fill in the blank: The OCEAN model is used to measure _______.
personality traits
The model provides a framework for understanding different dimensions of personality.
