Trade&Industry

Question 1

What % of the value of English exports was the cloth trade responsible for?

Answer 1

90%

Question 2

What % of volume did cloth exports increase estimated by Jack Lander ?

Answer 2

60%

Question 3

earlier in the 15th century what was the bulk of exports?

Answer 3

raw wool

Question 4

Earlier in the century where was most of the raw wool shipped from?

Answer 4

east-coast ports such as Boston, Lynn and Yarmouth

Question 5

earlier in the century where was most of the raw wool exported through after being shipped from the east coast?

Answer 5

through Calais by the Merchants of the Staple

Question 6

What did the increasing finished cloth trade lead to developments in?

Answer 6

weaving

Question 7

Where are 2 examples of cloth towns which were extremely prosperous?

Answer 7

• Lavenham in Sufflok

- Lewes in Sussex

Question 8

Which 2 historic cities suffered significant decay as the cloth industry tended to move from older corporate boroughs to newer manufacturing centres in small market towns and villages in East Anglia, the West Riding of Yorkshire and parts of West country?

Answer 8

Winchester and Lincoln

Question 9

Why did historic cities such as Winchester and Lincoln suffer significant decay in regards to the cloth industry?

Answer 9

as the cloth industry tended to move from older corporate boroughs to newer manufacturing centres in small market towns and villages in East Anglia, the West Riding of Yorkshire and parts of the West Country

Question 10

Where did the cloth industry move towards when historic cities such as Winchester and Lincoln decayed in the cloth trade?

Answer 10

to small market towns and villages in East Anglia, the West Riding of Yorkshire and parts of the West Country

Question 11

Where was an increasing proportion of finished cloth exported from London through?

Answer 11

the Merchant Adventurers

Question 12

What was reinforced as an affect of the increasing proportion of finished cloth being exported from London through the Merchant Adventurers?

Answer 12

This reinforced London’s commercial dominance within the country and established a commercial axis with Antwerp

Question 13

What was said to be the commercial metropolis of Europe?

Answer 13

Antwerp

Question 14

From Antwerp where was English cloth transported?

Answer 14

all over Europe

Question 15

Who were the Merchant Adventurers ?

Answer 15

a trading organisation which came increasingly to dominate London’s cloth trade with Antwerp

Question 16

What did the King twice use the Merchant Adventurers in advising him in trade treaties?

Answer 16

used by the kind in negotiating trade treaties such as Intercusus Magnus and Intercursus Malus

Question 17

Why could the Merchant Adventurers not achieve complete domination of trade?

Answer 17

because they proved unable to overcome the trading privileges enjoyed by the Hanseatic League

Question 18

What was the Hanseatic League and what did they do?

Answer 18

a group of free cities which came together to form a commercial union with the intention of controlling trade in the Baltic Sea and dominated commercial activity in northern Europe

Question 19

When was the Hanseatic League reasserted by treaty twice?

Answer 19

1474 and 1504

Question 20

Why did Henry agree to reassert the treaty with the Hanseatic League?

Answer 20

so that they would not offer support to the Yorkist claimant to the throne, the Earl of Suffolk

Question 21

What were Germany and Bohemia superiority in trading?

Answer 21

mining and metallurgy

Question 22

What were the Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch’s’ superiority in trading?

Answer 22

shipbuilding

Question 23

Why did Henry keep England’s industry focused on cloth?

Answer 23

As England remained dependant on trade and therefore did not want to create enemies with influential European countries

Question 24

Where was tin mined?

Answer 24

Cornwall

Question 25

What was coal mined?

Answer 25

Durham and northumberland

Question 26

Why was coal from mined from Durham so important for the king?

Answer 26

as the coal from the North East was shipped to London to meet the growing demand for domestic and industrial fuel

Question 27

As well as to London where else would the north east export coal in small trade?

Answer 27

to Germany and the Netherlands

Question 28

What was Henrys main objective in terms of trade which made the Crown’s approach inconsistent?

Answer 28

to maximise customs revenue

Question 29

What was Henry prepared to sacrifice in the interests of securing the dynasty?

Answer 29

revenue and trade

Question 30

What was Henrys biggest issue concerning trade in Henry’s reign?

Answer 30

the trade embargo with the Netherlands

Question 31

When did Henry impose the embargo on trade with the Netherlands?

Answer 31

1493

Question 32

Why had Henry put a trade embargo on the Netherlands in 1493?

Answer 32

as a result of fear brought by Margret of Burgundy’s support for Perkin Warbeck

Question 33

How did the embargo with the Netherlands end?

Answer 33

in the Intercursus Magnus

Question 34

What was the Intercursus Malus in practise?

Answer 34

this exorted Philip as a result of his weakness in 1506

Question 35

What does Henrys trade treaties show took priority over the interests of English merchants? (2)

Answer 35

• foreign policy

- dynastic interests

Question 36

What was the trade policy employed within the Treaty of Etaples 1492?

Answer 36

to encourage Anlgo-French commercial relations

Question 37

In what 2 circumstances did England’s trade policy fail

Answer 37

• attempt to breakthrough in Mediterranean trade

- Hanseatic League limited the development of English trading interests in the Baltic

Question 38

In what 2 years did Henry pass the Navigation Acts?

Answer 38

1485 1489

Question 39

What were the Navigation Acts which Henry passed in 1485 and 1486?

Answer 39

The object of these was to encourage English shipping by trying to ensure that only England ships could carry certain products to and from English ports

Question 40

How were Henrys Navigation Acts of 1485 and 1489 which had the objective of encouraging English shipping to only English ships carrying certain products to and from England ,limited?

Answer 40

as foreign vessels continued to transport a substantial proportion of English exports

Question 41

Where did the Hanseatic League exclude Bristol fish merchants?

Answer 41

Icelandic waters