Tracts, Lemnisci, Fasciculi, Columns, Bundles, Funiculi

Question 1

Name sensory tracts

Answer 1

Lateral spinothalamic tract, ventral spinothalamic tract, fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus

Question 2

Name motor tracts

Answer 2

Corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract, lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts, reticulospinal, rubrospinal

Question 3

Upper motor neuron paralysis results in…

Answer 3

spastic paralysis

Question 4

Lower motor neuron paralysis results in…

Answer 4

flaccid paralysis

Question 5

What injury would cause lower vs. upper motor neuron paralysis?

Answer 5

Lower- nerve to muscle cut or cell bodies in ventral horn damaged by infection. Upper- injury anywhere along corticospinal tract

Question 6

Sx of upper motor neuron paralysis

Answer 6

spasticity, hyperreflexia, abnormal babinski reflex

Question 7

What parts of brain are affected in ALS

Answer 7

Damage to corticospinal tract in the lateral white columns and lower motor neuron cell bodies in the ventral gray horns

Question 8

Presenting triad of ALS

Answer 8

muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, hyperreflexia in the hand and forearm without pain or sensory disturbance

Question 9

Pain and temperature from the body is sensed by which tract in brain?

Answer 9

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Question 10

Symptoms of syringomyelia

Answer 10

Loss of pain and temerature but no loss of touch “dissociative anesthesia”

Question 11

Pressure and simple touch from the body interpreted by

Answer 11

ventral spinothalamic tract

Question 12

Stereognosis

Answer 12

the ability to tell objects apart from one another by touch, and 2-point discrimination

Question 13

Damage to postcentral gyrus, medial lemniscus, dorsal column, or cell bodies of dorsal root ganglion may result in…

Answer 13

problems with vibratory sense, 2-point discrimination, astereognosis, and loss of proprioception

Question 14

Where are nuclei of CN III-XII located?

Answer 14

III and IV- midbrain. V, VI, and VII- pons. IX, X, XI, XII- medulla oblongata

Question 15

Which CN receive bilateral innervation

Answer 15

All except VII and XII

Question 16

How is CN XII affected in upper vs. lower motor neuron lesion

Answer 16

Upper motor neuron lesion- tongue points opposite lesion. Lower motor neuron lesion- tongue points toward side of lesion

Question 17

Upper motor neuron lesion affects which CN’s

Answer 17

VII and XII. XII- tongue will point opposite lesion. VII- facial paralysis on lower half of face. So patient can still raise eyebrows

Question 18

If patient can’t raise eyebrows- good or bad sign?

Answer 18

If can’t, most probably facial nerve lesion causing bell’s palsy. If patient can’t move lower side of face, but can move eyebrows, may be stroke or tumor causing upper motor neuron lesion- more worrisome

Question 19

CN V has three branches

Answer 19

trigeminal nerve-opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

Question 20

The branches of the trigeminal nerve each carry which pathways?

Answer 20

Pain and temperature, pressure and touch, and proprioception pathway

Question 21

What is blink reflex

Answer 21

object touches cornea, and both eyes blink

Question 22

Trigeminal neuralgia aka

Answer 22

tic doloureux

Question 23

Tx for trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 23

carbamazepine. Or surgery- ligation of nerve or chemical ablation of the trigeminal ganglion

Question 24

Patient presents with dull, achy pain in the head which is bilateral. Dx?

Answer 24

tension HA

Question 25

Patient has throbbing on one side of head, N/V, light sensitivity, and visual aura. Dx?

Answer 25

Migraine

Question 26

Patient has been having headache a day for the last 2 weeks. Usually happens at night. It’s sudden, severe, pain behind one eyeball. Triggered by alcohol. Dx?

Answer 26

Cluster HA

Question 27

Problems with the extrapyramidal system causes..

Answer 27

dyskinesias

Question 28

Which system has quick, crude, instinctive movement?

Answer 28

Extrapyramidal system (subcortical motor areas)

Question 29

What is function of thalamic fasciculus and what are its components?

Answer 29

Made up of lenticular fasciculus and ansa fasciculus- both these tracts fuse and then enter the thalamus. Connect thalamus to globus pallidus.

Question 30

Hemiballismus caused by lesion where?

Answer 30

In the subthalamic nucleus

Question 31

Violent swinging motion of arm or leg when awake-

Answer 31

Hemiballismus

Question 32

Cerebellum functions

Answer 32

coordination, equilibrium, and muscle tone

Question 33

Cerebellum tracts

Answer 33

Spinocerebellar pathway, vestibulocerebellar tract, corticopontocerebellar tract, and feedback pathways

Question 34

What is flocculus?

Answer 34

Center for equilibrium (vestibulocerebellar tract)

Question 35

“spy tract”

Answer 35

corticopontocerebellar tract- watches what goes in and out from cerebral cortex

Question 36

Function of corticopontocerebellar tract

Answer 36

Watches all of the motor output from the cerebral cortex

Question 37

ipsilateral vs contralateral cerebellum tracts

Answer 37

spinocerebellar pathway and vestibulocerebellar tract are ipsilateral. corticopontocerebellar tract is contralateral.

Question 38

Cerebellum is connected to vestibular nuclei via…

Answer 38

fastiglial nucleus

Question 39

Ataxia

Answer 39

wide, stumbling gait

Question 40

Asynergia

Answer 40

loss of coordination (jerky)

Question 41

Dysmetria

Answer 41

inability to judge distance (finger to nose)

Question 42

Adiadochokinesia

Answer 42

loss of rapid alternating movement

Question 43

Dysphonia

Answer 43

slurred, explosive speech