Trachte

Question 1

Ionic channels in neurons

What are the two general types of ion channels and examples of each?

Answer 1

Voltage gated: Na, Ca, D

Ligand gated: glutamate, GABA, 5HT

Question 2

Ligand-gated channels

Answer 2

ionotropic

fast action potentials

open briefly

Question 3

metabatropic receptors

Answer 3

receptor interacts with a GTP-binding protein (GPCR)

Modulates voltage gated channels

enhances K or inhibits Ca channels

THUS they are typically inhibitory

Question 4

Which drug is sues to increase the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine/norepinephrine?

Answer 4

DOPA –> dopamine (–> norepinephrine –> epinephrine)

Question 5

Which drug blocks Na channels

Answer 5

lidocaine

Question 6

The interaction of a neurotransmitter with its receptor can be pharacologically manipulated (as an agonist or antagonist). What are these pharmaceuticals called?

Answer 6

GABA agonists/antagonists (barbiturates, anesthetics, antianxiety)

Question 7

glutamate

Answer 7

stimulatory neurotransmitter postsynaptically

It can also inhibit neurotransmitter presynaptically–**metabtropic **

Three ionotropic receptors:

AMPA

NMDA

Kainate receptors

All of these ionotropic glutamate receptors are nonselective cation channels allowing Na, K, and some Ca through producing an excititory postsynaptic response

Question 8

GABA_A and GABA_C

Answer 8

postsynaptic receptors

ionotropic (fast)

inhibitory

Cl channel, when activated causes hyperpolarization

Question 9

GABA_B

Answer 9

postsynaptic receptor

metabotropic (slow)

inhibitory

activation of K+ channels and inhibition of Cl- channels (bloth cause hyperpolarization)

Question 10

Benzodiazepines

diazepam (Valium)

chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

Answer 10

tranquilizing (anxiety reducing) drugs

enhance GABAergic transmission by binding to subuints of GABA_A receptors

Question 11

Which drugs would you use to treat epilepsy and how do they work?

Answer 11

Barbituates (phenobarbital and pentobarbital)–hypnotics

Bind to subunits of GABA (general) receptors

postsynaptic inhibition

Question 12

Serotonin (receptors 5HT₃ and 5HT_2a and function)

Answer 12

found in neurons in raphe region of the pons and upper brainstem; regulates sleep and weakefulness

important for antipsychotic drugs for depression and anxiety

** 5HT₃ (ionotropic and excitatory)**

5HT_2a (metabotropic and inhibitory)

Question 13

Opioids

Answer 13

suppress pain by interacting with µ receptor

decreases Ca++ and cAMP

work in spinal chord

inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 14

Memory is associated with what neurotransmitter?

Answer 14

acetylcholine

Question 15

Motor stimulation is associated with what neurotransmitter?

Answer 15

glutamate

Question 16

Motor inhibition is associated with what neurotransmitter?

Answer 16

GABA

glycine

norepinephrine

Question 17

Motor stimulation via inhibition of inhibition is associated with what neurotransmitter?

Answer 17

Dopamine

Question 18

What neurotransmitter is associated with psychoses?

Answer 18

Dopamine D2 receptor

Question 19

_________ containing neurons have cell bodies in locus ceoruleus projecting many other places

Answer 19

Norepinephrine

acts via alpha2 receptors to increase potassium conductance

inhibitory

Question 20

dopamine

Answer 20

inhibitory neurotransmitter on other inhibitory neurotransmitters (disinhibition); movement & psychoses

Question 21

acetylcholine

Answer 21

inhibitory via muscarinic and stimulatory via nicotinic receptors; involved with memory

Question 22

glycine

Answer 22

inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 23

GABA

Answer 23

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 24

What neurotransmitter blocks the