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Nutrition Exam Two > Trace & Ultratrace Minerals > Flashcards

Trace & Ultratrace Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What amount is required of an ultratrace mineral?

A

Less than 1 mg/day

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2
Q

Which form of iron is absorbed more?

A

Heme

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3
Q

What are the sources of heme iron?

A

Beef and fish (beef has more)

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4
Q

How is heme iron absorbed?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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5
Q

What is the carrier protein involved in facilitated diffusion of heme iron?

A

Hcp1

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6
Q

What are the sources of nonheme iron?

A

Plants and supplements

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7
Q

How is nonheme iron digested?

A

Ferrireductase (must be digested first to be absorbed)

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8
Q

Ferrireductase requires what vitamin to digest nonheme iron?

A

Vitamin C

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9
Q

How is nonheme iron absorbed?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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10
Q

What carrier protein is used for the facilitated diffusion to absorb nonheme iron?

A

DMT (2+ iron)

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11
Q

What carrier is used to transport iron out of the enterocyte?

A

Ferroportin

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12
Q

Ferroportin uses what other mineral?

A

Copper

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13
Q

What protein is used to transport iron in the blood?

A

Transferrin

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14
Q

What is the storage protein for iron?

A

Ferritin

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15
Q

Where is ferritin made?

A

Enterocyte

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16
Q

Where is ferritin found for iron storage?

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

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17
Q

What is the most common deficiency of the U.S.?

A

Iron

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18
Q

What populations are at risk for iron deficiency?

A 
6 month-2 years old
10-19 boys
Male runners
Women 10-44
All female athletes
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19
Q

Hypochromic microcytic anemia is associated with what mineral deficiency?

A

Iron

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency?

A

Fatigue
Pallor
Decreased immunity

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21
Q

What are the major functions of iron?

A

Oxygen transport

Cofactor for several enzymes (cytochromes)

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22
Q

What genetic condition involves iron toxicity?

A

Hemochromatosis

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23
Q

What is the result of hemochromatosis?

A

Organ damage (liver and brain)

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24
Q

What is the best source for zinc?

A

Oysters

25
Q

What is the major function of zinc?

A

Cofactor for folate digestion (conjugate digestion)

26
Q

Iron supplement can cause depletion of what other mineral?

A

Zinc

27
Q

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?

A

Dermatitis

Decreased taste sensation

28
Q

What is a symptom of zinc toxicity?

A

Metallic taste

29
Q

What are the main functions of copper?

A

ATP
Collagen crosslinking
Get iron out of the enterocyte

30
Q

What is the genetic condition resulting in copper deficiency?

A

Menke’s syndrome

31
Q

What is a symptom of copper deficiency?

A

Skin depigmentation

32
Q

Kayser-fleischer rings are associated with what disease and what mineral toxicity?

A

Wilson’s disease and copper toxicity

33
Q

Is copper a trace or ultratrace mineral?

A

Ultratrace (requires 900 micrograms per day)

34
Q

What is the major function of chromium?

A

Insulin secretion

35
Q

What is a symptom of chromium deficiency?

A

Insulin resistance

36
Q

What is the major function of iodide?

A

Part of T3 and T4 (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)

37
Q

What is the symptom of iodide deficiency?

A

Goiter

38
Q

What are the symptoms and result of iodide deficiency?

A

Burning mouth and hypothyroidism

39
Q

What are the major functions of molybdenum?

A

Cofactor for sulfur metabolism

Uric acid synthesis

40
Q

Toxicity of what mineral can cause gout?

A

Molybdenum

41
Q

If someone is on molybdenum supplements, what can you expect?

A

Assume he/she has Wilson’s disease

42
Q

What is the required amount for a trace mineral?

A

1-100 mg/day

43
Q

What is the best source for manganese?

A

Plants

44
Q

What is the function of manganese?

A

Superoxide dismutase in the mitochondria

45
Q

Copper and zinc are important for superoxide dismutase in what location?

A

Cytosol

46
Q

Catalase requires what mineral?

A

Iron

47
Q

What symptom is associated with manganese toxicity?

A

Tremors

48
Q

What is the term for selenium toxicity leading to brittle nails?

A

Selenosis

49
Q

What is the best source for selenium?

A

Brazil nuts

50
Q

What are the functions of selenium?

A

Cofactor for glutathione peroxidase

T4 to T3

51
Q

What condition is heart disease in kids caused by a selenium deficiency?

A

Keshan’s

52
Q

What condition of selenium deficiency leads to osteoarthritis?

A

Kashin-Beck

53
Q

What environmental factor do selenium amounts depend on?

A

Soil content

54
Q

In what country do we see a lot of selenium deficiency?

A

China

55
Q

What are the sources of fluoride?

A

Toothpaste and fluorinated water

56
Q

What is the function of fluoride?

A

Decrease cavity prevalence

57
Q

What are the results of fluoride deficiency?

A

Cavities and osteoporosis

58
Q

What are the symptoms of fluoride toxicity?

A 
Bone pitting 
Teeth mottling (yellow/brown discoloration)
59
Q

What mineral do women require more than men?

A

Iron

Nutrition Exam Two (2 decks)

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