Trace Metals Flashcards
__________________
-dietary elements needed in very small concentrations in a sample
-essential for the organism to grow, develop, and have an overall healthy physiology
1._____________________________
-these are usually associated with enzymes and serves as cofactors in enzymatic reactions
-needed inside body
-______, _______, ______
-unit: ______
-ultra-trace elements: __________, ___________, ________ (SCM)
-unit:______
-if a deficiency impairs a biochemical or functional process and replacement of element corrects impairment
- ____________________________
-of medical importance because many of them are toxic
Trace Metals
Essential Trace Elements
iron, copper, zinc
mg/L
selenium, chromium, manganes
ug/L
Non-Essential Trace Elements
_______
-most abundant trace element in the body
-_________ mg/kg body weight
-important in the metabolism such as ________, __________, ____________ (iron-containing proteins)
Iron
40-50
collagen, tyrosine, catecholamines
Distribution (IRON)
*_______________ in RBCs - for oxygen transport
*___________ and ___________ as iron stores - found in BM, spleen, liver
* Body tissues - __________ and ___________________
o____________ - oxygen-carrying protein of the muscles
*_________________________ - first to become diminished in iron deficiency conditions
Hemoglobin
Ferritin and Hemosiderin
myoglobin and non-heme enzymes
Myoglobin
Iron bound to transferrin
Iron Deficiency
-affects about _____ of the worldwide population
-Due to:
*______________ - reduction in iron stores, usually precedes both reduction in circulation iron and anemia
* _____________________
* ________________________
*______________________
__________________
-iron storage: decreased or absent
-common causes: (5)
______________________ - most advanced stage of iron deficiency
15%
*Iron depletion
*Increased blood loss
*Decreased dietary intake
*Decreased release from ferritin
Iron depletion
blood loss due to GIT bleeding, chronic drug ingestion, parasite infestation, impaired absorption of iron, and renal failure
Iron deficiency anemia
________________
-AKA _________________ (HH)
-a hereditary disorder in which iron salts are deposited in the tissues which leads to liver damage, diabetes mellitus, and bronze discoloration of the skin whether or not tissue damage is present
-Causes:
*________________ - primary iron overload (affects liver function, often leads to hyperpigmentation of the skin)
-causes body to absorb too much iron from the diet
*_____________________
*___________
*________________
*____________
*______________
Treatment:
*________________________
-delays the progression of fibrosis to cirrhosis, sometimes even reversing cirrhotic changes, prolonging the life of the patient
-but does not prevent hepatocellular carcinoma
*_____________________________
-specific chelating agents that bind iorn
-Ex. ________________ - treatment for heavy metal poisoning
Iron Overload
Hemochromatosis
Hereditary HH
Cardiac Arrythmia
Cirrhosis
Hypothyroidism
Impotence
Liver Cancer
Therapeutic phlebotomy
Administration of chelators
Deferoxamine
__________________________
-not genetic
-excessive dietary, medicinal, or transfusion iron intake
-metabolic dysfunction
________________
-increased serum iron and TIBC or transferrin, in the absence of demonstrative tissue damage
o ___________ - measures level of iron carrier
o __________________________ - measures transferrin capacity to bind iron
Secondary iron overload
Hemosiderosis
transferrin
TIBC (total iron binding capacity)
Analytical Methods for Iron
1. __________________________
-quantitative, specific, and sensitive
-involve invasive procedures:
o ___________
o ______________________
o ____________________
- Indirect Method
-____________ and _____
Direct Measurement
liver biopsy
quantitative phlebotomy
bone marrow biopsy
colorimetric and AAS
______________
-__________ most abundant trace metal in the body
-known to be a cofactor for almost _____ enzymes
-deficiency is common throughout life, especially in individuals who do not ingest meat.
-absorption mainly occurs in the ________________ and especially in the _________
-used for the treatment of __________________
-______________________ - a rare inherited disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver, brain, and other muscle organs
Distribution
* Muscle - ____
* Skeleton - ____
* Other tissues (such as eyes, prostate, hair) -_____
Zinc
Second
300
small intestine, esp. in jejunum
Wilson’s Disease
Wilson’s Disease
60%
30%
10%
Factors Affecting Zinc Absorption
-____ and ______ - interact competitively during intestinal absorption, if they are ingested simultaneously, there is evidence that excess ____ inhibits _____ absorption.
Increase (3)
Decrease (4)
Zinc and iron
excess iron inhibits zinc
Increase
*Animal proteins and amino acids in a meal
*Intake of calcium
*Unsaturated fatty acids
Decrease
*Intake of iron
*Taking zinc on an empty stomach
*Presence of copper at high levels
*Age
Zinc Deficiency
* __________________
-decreased in Type I and II diabetes bc zinc is excreted due to excessive urination
-supplementation of zinc to Type II diabetes px - improves symptoms of diabetes as it decreases the levels of cholesterol and HbA1c in the blood
* ________________
* ___________________
* ___________________
* ________________________ (Zn malabsorption in infants)
-if untreated and symptoms progress leads to:
o _______________________
o __________________________
o ___________________
o _________________________
- Diabetes mellitus
- Alcohol abuse
- Malabsorption syndrome
- Liver and kidney disease
- Acrodermatitis enteropathica
o Growth retardation
o Slows down skeletal maturation
o Testicular atrophy
o Reduces taste perception
In adolescents (zinc deficiency)
(9)
o Slow growth or weight loss
o Altered taste
o Delayed puberty
o Dwarfism
o Impaired dark adaptation
o Alopecia
o Emotional instability
o Tremors
o In severe cases: lymphopenia and death
Zinc in high doses
-zinc is relatively nontoxic
-may lead to:
* _______________
* ______________________ - due to induced copper deficiency
* ______________
GIT symptoms
reduced heme synthesis
Hyperglycemia
Analytical Methods (Zinc)
Considerations:
* ________________ - Zn is high in the _______
* ________________
* RBC has ____x more zinc than plasma
Reference method: ____
Diurnal Variation
Postprandial Variation
10x
AAS
_________
-______ most abundant trace metal in the body
-important cofactor for several metalloenzymes
-for the reduction of ____ in heme synthesis
-_______ synthesis
-_____ and _____ reproduction
-_________ (removal) of ________
Copper
third
iron
cellular
DNA and RNA
sequestration of free radicals
Copper Deficiency
* __________________ and __________________
* Contributing factor in adults w/ ______________ and ____
* __________________ or “kinky hair syndrome”
-extreme form of Copper deficiency
-symptoms appearing at ages of 3 months and may lead to death eventually
-occurring by age of 5, it is caused by failure of copper transport system within the cell and across cell membrane that is responsible for the symptoms of the disorder
-invariably fatal
-progressive brain disease characterized by peculiar hair (kinky/steely hair) and retardation of growth
* __________________________________
* Decrease in __________________ - protein made in liver that stores and carries mineral copper around the body
Premature infants and undernourished children
osteoporiosis and CVD
Menke’s disease
Diminished copper conc in the hair
Decrease in ceruloplasmin
