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clinical chemistry > Trace elements > Flashcards

Trace elements Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are trace elements?

A 
Arsenic, 
Cadmium,
 Lead, 
Mercury, 
Chromium, 
Copper,
 Iron,
 Manganese,
 Molybdenum,
 Selenium,
 Zinc
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2
Q

What are two common methods of trace element analysis?

A

Atomic absorption

Atomic emission

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3
Q

How does atomic absorption measure trace elements?

A

Quantitates elements through absorption of optical radiation by free atoms in a gas phase
-Spectra of atoms is specific to absorbing elements

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4
Q

How does atomic emission measure trace elements?

A

Liquid sample w/ element is converted into an aerosol and delivered to a source where it receives energy and emits radiation
-Radiation is measured and is correlated to concentration of analyte ( basis of quantitation )

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5
Q

Which trace elements are non-essential?

A

Arsenic
Mercury
Lead
Cadmium

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6
Q

Which trace elements are essential?

A 
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Chromium
Selenium
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7
Q

Where does arsenic commonly occur?

A

natural substance in soil w. many industrial uses

  • Burning of fossil fuels such as coal, used in metal production, timber and agricultural use
  • Ag use release most arsenic
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8
Q

What are the three forms of arsenic?

A
  • Inorganic ( high toxicity ) – found in rock, soil, groundwater
  • Methylated ( mild toxicity ) – Metabolite of inorganic arsenic – in foods
  • Organic ( non-toxic ) – Fish, seaweed, shellfish
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of arsenic poisoning?

A

GI symptoms – nausea, pain, emesis
Bone marrow – pancytopenia, basophillic stippling
Cardiovascular, CNS, Renan and Hepatic problems

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10
Q

What are normal, chronic, and acute values of arsenic in the body?

A

<23 ug/L
Chronic – 100-500 ug/L
Critical acute – 600-9300 ug/L

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11
Q

What population has higher levels of cadmium?

A

Smokers have 2X the Cd as non-smokers

Absorption higher in females – related to Fe stores

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12
Q

Who stole mitch’s generator?

A

fat old white guy drinking buddy

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13
Q

How does cadmium poisoning manifest?

A
  • Acute exposure affects lungs and lead to respiratory -distress
  • Renal dysfunction
  • Also affects liver, bone, Immune and nervous systems
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14
Q

how is cadmium primarily absorbed?

A

food

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15
Q

How is cadmium measured?

A

Measured in random/24 hr urine, blood

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16
Q

What are normal levels of cadmium in urine and blood?

A

Random urine - <2.6 ug/L
24 hr - <3.3 ug/24 hr
Blood - <5.0 ug/L

17
Q

What does mercury react with in the body and bind?

A

reacts with sulfylhydryl groups and binds cysteine in proteins

18
Q

Which forms of mercury are toxic and non toxic?

A
  • Liquid environmental mercury – non-toxic, but is toxic in vapor form
  • Inorganic mercury is non-toxic
  • Organic mercury is toxic – highly selective for lipid –rich neurons
19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of mercury poisoning?

A

Inhaled vapor – Affects nervous, digestive and immune systems
Inorganic exposure – Skin, eyes, Gi symptoms, kidneys

20
Q

What are normal values of mercury in urine and blood?

A

-Urine, random - <35 ug/g crea
-Urine, 24 hrs – 0-15 ug/day
-Blood – 0-60 ug/L
-High seafood - >50 ug
Toxic - >150 ug in urine

21
Q

What is the most common heavy metal in the environment?

A

lead

22
Q

What samples are commonly taken for lead poisoning testing?

A

Venous whole blood most commonly used – hair and nails also used

23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of lead poisoning?

A
  • CNS symptoms – clumsy/abnormal gait, HA, Seizures
  • Neuropathy
  • Anemia – 94% is transferred to RBC in blood and is bound to hgb
24
Q

Where is lead primarily exposed to the body?

A

Exposure primarily via GI and respiratory tracts

25
Q

what are normal values, high values, and critical values for lead?

A 
Overt toxicity - >60ug/L
WB - <10 ug/L – children 
WB - <30 ug/L – non-pregnant adults
Urine - <80 ug/L / 24 hrs
Critical - >125ug/L / 24 hrs
26
Q

Where is copper commonly distributed in the body?

A

distributed widely in body ( Liver, kidney, heart, brain )

27
Q

Where is 95% of copper contained in the body?

A

Alpha-2 globulin – contains 95 % of copper in body

28
Q

What is coppers role in the body?

A

Vitally important in regulating ionic state of Fe ( oxidize Fe2 to Fe3 ) – allows Fe to enter transferrin w/o forming toxic Fe products

29
Q

How will plasma look if copper is significantly increased in the body?

A

greenish

30
Q

What are signs and symptoms of copper deficiency?

A

Seen in premature infants, malabsorption/malnutrition, chronic diarrhea
Neutropenia, hypochromic anemia ( see early )
Osteoporosis, decreased skin pigments and pallor
Neurologic abnormalities in later stages
Extreme cases – Menkes Disease – Fatally progressive brain disease
Appears at 3 months – death at 5 years
Peculiar hair – kinky-Steely ; growth retardation

31
Q

What disease is copper toxicity associated with?

A

Wilson’s disease
Genetic condition results in accumulation of copper. Copper gets deposited in tissues
See at 6-40 years
Results in neurological and liver dysfunction
S/S – Kayser-Fleischer rings – Green-brown discoloration of cornea
Early detection = effective treatment or cure

32
Q

What are serum, urine, and rbc values for copper?

A

Serum – 700-1500 ug/L
Urine – 15-60 ug/24 hr
RBC – 90-150 ug/L

clinical chemistry (5 decks)

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