[Tr] From Genotype to Phenotype Flashcards

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1
Q

What is RR/rr?

A

Homozygous

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2
Q

What is Rr?

A

Heterozygous

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3
Q

What 2 types of variation are there?

A

Genetic and Enviromental

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4
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction is where one party is only needed to create offspring.

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5
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction is where two parties are needed of opposite sexes. e.g a Man and Woman for a human child.

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6
Q

What reproduction cycle is faster?

A

Asexual reproduction

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7
Q

Give an example of asexual reproduction

A

Runners on a plant

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8
Q

Give an example of sexual reproduction

A

Seeds from a plant

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9
Q

Proteins are made of what folded polymer?

A

A polypeptide

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10
Q

Where is DNA genetic code found?

A

The nucleus

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11
Q

What makes a protein?

A

A section of DNA called a gene

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12
Q

What happens when a protein needs synthesising?

A

An enzyme called RNA polymerase separates a strand of DNA within a gene from the start of the coding region. The RNA breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. It later transcribes the DNA code and makes it into mRNA. the mRNA enters the cytoplasm where it is joined by a ribosome (containing tRNA) tRNA reads the triplets and transcribes them into amino acids. The amino acids, once in the correct order, is a polypeptides that can be folded into a protein.

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13
Q

What happens to the base T (Thymine) in mRNA

A

It becomes a u (uracil)

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14
Q

Why is mRNA single-stranded?

A

Because double-stranded DNA can’t leave the nucleus via the pores, only single-stranded.

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15
Q

What happens once the mRNA enters the cytoplasm?

A

The ribosome attaches itself to the mRNA, creating amino acids to the corresponding bases. Each triplet [of bases] equates to one amino acid. The newly created amino acids are joined up in the correct order to form a polypeptide that can later become a protein.

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16
Q

What do stop triplets do?

A

Stop the coding of the ribosome

17
Q

Where do mutations take place?

A

The coding region and non-coding region

17
Q

What can happen with a mutation?

A

Some mutations cause genetic disorders, some will cause no change and some (but a very little amount) can be beneficial to the person.

18
Q

How can some mutations cause no effect?

A

The base triplet may still have the same translation to the same amino acid.

19
Q

How is sickle cell anaemia caused?

A

Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a mutation in the non-coding region of the DNA, meaning the haemoglobin is sticky and causes a sickle-shaped blood cell.

20
Q

Where is tRNA

A

tRNA is located in the ribosome. The tRNA translates the triplets into amino acids.

21
Q

What happens when code is altered?

A

When code is altered, a mutation can occur, which can cause genetic disease.

22
Q

Why can there be thousands of combinations for how a protein folds?

A

As there are thousands of combinations for a protein to be in.

23
Q

How can mutations effect phenotypes?

A

By causing a genetic disease such as Albinism, that causes your skin is white.

24
Q

How can mutations affect phenotypes?

A

By causing a genetic disease such as Albinism, that causes your skin is white.

24
Q

How can mutations affect phenotypes?

A

By causing a genetic disease such as Albinism, that causes your skin is white.

25
Q

How can recessive alleles exist in an F2 generation but not in an F1 generation

A

Because dominant alleles only need one to exist to have that phenotype.

26
Q

What did Mendel call genes?

A

Factors

27
Q

What is the modern name for different versions of Mendel’s factors?

A

Alleles

28
Q

What combinations of alleles can be used to show blood type A?

A

IAIA & IAIO

29
Q

What combinations of alleles can be used to show blood type B?

A

IBIB & IBIO

30
Q

What combination of alleles can be used to show blood type AB?

A

IAIB

31
Q

What combination of alleles can be used to show blood type O?

A

IOIO

32
Q

How are sex-linked genetic disorders shown?

A

They are shown on the letter they sit on for the XX or XY. e.g XhXH.