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Science Paper 1 > Keeping healthy > Flashcards

Keeping healthy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by a pathogen that can be passed from person to person

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2
Q

How long does it take bacteria to reproduce via asexual reproduction?

A

20 minutes

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3
Q

Why may someone not feel ill despite having a pathogen inside of their body?

A

They may not feel ill as the amount of bacteria inside of their body may not be enough to show visual symptoms to themselves or others.

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4
Q

What are the 4 main types of pathogens?

A

Protist
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses

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5
Q

How does TB (Tuberculosis) infect other people.

A

TB infects other people by droplets containing TB from sneezing and coughing. This spreads through the air. An uninfected person comes into contact with the water droplets and the victim now developers TB.

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6
Q

Why would killing mosquitoes prevent the spread of malaria?

A

As mosquitoes are the only known vector of spreading malaria from person to person.

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7
Q

Why is it important to wash your hands after going to the toilet?

A

Bacteria can pass through the toilet paper to your hand meaning that bacteria may still be on your hands if you do not wash them.

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8
Q

What 4 ways does the body prevent entry to invaders

A

1) Lysozomyes (Contained in tears)
2) Hairs (Located in the nose)
3) Muscus (Traps pathogens in the nose, throat and breathing tubes)
4) Hydrochloric acid (Inside the stomach)
5) Cilia (Lined in the breathing tubes)

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9
Q

What is one way you can develop paralysed cilia?

A

You can develop paralysed cilia by smoking, this reduces how much mucus they can remove out of your breathing areas.

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10
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

A phagocyte engulfs pathogens that have invaded the body?

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11
Q

What is a Lymphocyte?

A

Another white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight infection.

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12
Q

What is the difference between antigens and antibodies?

A

An antigen is a surface marker on a pathogen whilst an antibody is created by a lymphocyte to fight a pathogen.

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13
Q

What is immunity?

A

Immunity is where someone becomes infected with the pathogen. Once the body has found the correct antibodies, the lymphocytes become memory cells that float around the body in the event of a second infection. This person now has immunity.

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14
Q

Why does an MMR vaccine not prevent the infection of chicken pox?

A

The MMR vaccine does not protect against chicken pox because the antibodies are unable to pickup onto the chicken pox surface markers.

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15
Q

Why does catching a cold prevent catching it again?

A

The common cold mutates often and therefore its surface markers change each time it mutates.

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16
Q

Who invented the vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner

17
Q

Why did Edward’s smallpox vaccine work?

A

His smallpox vaccine worked by using cowpox as the antigen surface markers on the cowpox and smallpox are similar and so the antibodies created by the less deadly cowpox would prevent the deadlier smallpox virus infecting the person.

18
Q

What is Herd Immunity?

A

Herd immunity is where most of the population becomes immunised against the vaccine and therefor people who are unvaccinated are also at a lesser chance of becoming infected by the disease.

19
Q

Why can the immune system not fight off STI’s?

A

The immune system is unable to fight STI’s because the virus inside the CD4 cells inside of your body and so its is undetectable.

20
Q

There is more cases of Chlamydia every year, what does this mean the trend is?

A

This means this is an upward trend.

21
Q

Correct this statement: Antibiotics allow bacteria to grow faster.

A

Antibiotics kill/slow down the growth of bacteria.

22
Q

Why can’t antibiotics be used to treat viral diseases such as colds?

A

They can’t treat colds as they don’t replicate in the same way as other microorganisms do, such as fungi.

23
Q

Why don’t antibiotics affect human cells?

A

They do not affect human cells because there are no cell walls on human cells

24
Q

What is the best clinical trial?

A

A double-blind trial

25
Q

Why are a small group of healthy people test the medication before infected people test the meds?

A

Healthy people test it first to ensure the medication is safe even if you are not infected with the illness.

26
Q

Why is BMI a bad way to check if someone is healthy

A

As taller people and people with more muscle are misrepresented by BMI

27
Q

What happens when you smoke?

A

Tar builds up inside of your respiratory system even just on one smoke

28
Q

Why can smoking damage your life?

A

It weakens your lungs allowing for you to have a higher chance of developing lung related diseases such as lung cancer.

29
Q

What are the main risks and benefits of using stents?

A

Risks:
-Heart needs to be operated on
-Could be rejected from the body

Benefits:
-No work needed after installation

30
Q

What are the risks and benefits of using Statins

A

Risks:
-Overdosing is a risk
-Has to be used for rest of the patients life.

Benefits:
-Heart doesn’t have to be operated on

31
Q

What are the risks and benefits of using Valve Replacement?

A

Risks:
-Heart has to be operated on
-Possible rejection

Benefits:
-No work after installation

32
Q

What is the Risks and Benefits to using a Bypass Surgery

A

Risks:
Heart has to be operated on

Benefits:
No rejection
No work after operation

33
Q

What are the risks and benefits of a heart transplant?

A

Risks:
May be rejected
Still uses old heart

Benefits:
Still uses old heart
Little work after installation

34
Q

How do you work out BMI?

A

BMI= Mass/Height(2)

35
Q

How can you change your lifestyle to reduce heart related diseases?

A

Be active
Don’t smoke
Don’t drink (In moderation)
Don’t use drugs

Science Paper 1 (2 decks)

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