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Toxicology > Tox.Osweiler > Flashcards

Tox.Osweiler Flashcards

1
Q

Ammonia/urea
MOA
Characteristics

A

Ammonia or other nitrogenous waste products stimulate CNS; inhibits TCA cycle causing cerebral energy deficit

Seizures accompanied by excitement, belligerence, tremors; urination and bloat occur in cattle; most commonly affect ruminants

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2
Q

Amphetamines
MOA
Characteristics

A

Promote catecholamine release from CNS and adrenals

Seizures accompanied by stimulation of respiratory center, cerebral cortex, reticular activating system; excitement, hyperreflexia and tremors predominate

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3
Q

4Aminopyridine
MOA
Characteristics

A

Increases acteylcholine release and inhibits repolarization by potassium current

Seizures accompanied by hyperexcitablity; tremors, tachycardia, arrhythmia; used as an acivide

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4
Q

Bromethalin

MOA
Characteristics

A

Uncouples oxidative phospohorylation in the CNS, leading to loss of energy metbaolismand decreasing the actiivty of the sodium pump, causes cerebral edema

Dose-dependent; low dosages cause depression, tremors, posterior weakness, ataxia; high dosages may cause seizures, tremors, occasiona paralysis

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5
Q

Caffeine

MOA
Characteristics

A

Inhibits adenosine receptors and phosphodiesterase, increasing cAMP production; enhances catecholamine release and effects

Excitement and hyperreflexia predominate; accompanied by tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia and hyperthermia

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6
Q

Cocaine

MOA
Characteristics

A

Inhibits reuptake of actecholamines at nerve terminal,e hancing sympathetic stimulation

CNS signs range from excitement to depression; often accompanied by vomiting, salivation and tachycardia

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7
Q

Crimidine

MOA
Characteristics

A

Vitamin B6 antagonist primarily affecting CNS; occasionally used as a rodenticide

Acute, convulsive seizures

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8
Q

Cyanide

MOA
Characteristics

A

Inhibits cytochrom oxidase in electron transport system, leading to cerrebral energy deficit

Generalized seizures and hyperpnea followed initially by weakness

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9
Q

Ergot

MOA
Characteristics

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-type alkaloids)

Excitement and hallucinations accompanied by tremors

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10
Q

Fluoracetate.

MOA
Characteristics

A

Inihibits aconitate hydratase in TCA cycle, causing cerebral enerngy deficit and accumulation of citrate and lactate

Clonic seizures accompanied by wild running, barking, urination, defecation; very rare

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11
Q

Hexaclorophene

MOA
Characteristics

A

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, leading to cerebral edema

Seizures accompanied by excitement, tremors, hypermetria; response to lower dosages or chronic exposure include blindness, posterior ataxia

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12
Q

Lead

MOA
Characteristics

A

Not well-characterized; inhibits several enzymes; causes cerebral edema and neuronal degenreation; inhibits the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

CNS signs highly variable: termors, excitability, hysteria (in dogs) accompanied by anorexia, GI stasis, mild anemia with regenerative response

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13
Q

Metaldehyde

MOA
Characteristics

A

Metabolized to acetaldehyde; toxicosis correlated with dec in 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT, serotonin) and GABA in the brain

Continuous seizures; include prominent mm tremors and incoordination, salivation and tachycardia; not induced by stimuli

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14
Q

4-MI (methyl imidazole)

MOA
Characteristics

A

Directly toxic to CNS; mechanism unclear

Excitement, tremors, running (Cattle)

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15
Q

Nitrofurazone

MOA
Characteristics

A

Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation and energy metabolisim in the brain; calves highly susceptible

Acute seizures, facial tremors, hyperexcitability, paddling

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16
Q

Organochlorine inseciticides

MOA
Characteristics

A

Diphenyl aliphatics: inhibits both trning off the inward sodium current and turning on the outward potassium current, decreasing the action potential threshold and stimulating nervous activity

Cyclodiene insecticides: inhibit receptor binding of the inhibitor GABA, promoting excitatory transmission in the CNS

Grand mal seizures, accompnaied by paddling, chewing, opisthotonos, refractory interictal phase, hyperthermia

17
Q

Pyrethrins

MOA
Characteristics

A

Prolong sodium influx and reduce potassium efflux, enhancing of the action potential and promote repetitive discharge

Hyperexcitability and tremors dominate; actual seizures are less common

18
Q

Sodium ion toxicosis

MOA
Characteristics

A

Interferes with aerobic glycolysis, reducing the activity of sodium pump and resulting in sodium-related accumulation of water, cerebral edema and seizures

Sterotypical of cranial to caudal clonic seizures; blindness and cerebral malacia occur as sequelae to acute seizures often assoc with water deprivation

19
Q

Strychnine

MOA
Characteristics

A

Inhibits the action of inhibitory aa glycine in the CNS, preventing the actiono of inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord

Acute hyperesthesia, hyperreflexia, tetanic seizures; severe extensor rigidity

20
Q

Water hemlock (Cicuta, cicutoxin)

MOA
Characteristics

A

Mechanism is not characterized

Violent acute tetanic siezures, mm twitching, extensor ridigidity

21
Q

Zinc phosphide

MOA
Characteristics

A

Phosphine (PH3) is released in stomach and presumably absorbed; mechanisms related to CNS effects are unclear

Clonic spasm of head and neck, paddling, generalized tremors; animals are not hyperesthetic; vomiting, acidosis, liver damage often occur

22
Q

Avocado (persea)

MOA
Characteristics

A

Unknown

Depression or mild tremors assoc with depression and other systemic signs

23
Q

Barbiturates

MOA
Characteristics

A

Y-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)- like action results in inhibition of transmission

CNS depression, general anesthesia, slowed respiratory rate and coma

24
Q

Bracken fern

MOA
Characteristics

A

Thiaminase principle induces thiamine deficiency in equids

Peripheral neuropathy with progressive posterior weakness, incoordination, ataxia

25
Q

Bromethalin

MOA
Characteristics

A

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in the CNS, leading to loss of energy metabolism and decreasing the acitivity of the sodium pump and causing cerebral edema

Dose dependent:
Low dose: depression, tremors possterior weakness, ataxia
High dose: seizures, tremors, occasional paralysis

26
Q

Carbon monoxide

MOA
Characteristics

A

Forms carboxyhemoglobin, leading to severe anoxia, which causes anoxic degeneration and necrosis of neurons

27
Q

Fumonisin

MOA
Characteristics

A

Inhibits the enzymatic conversion of spinganine to sphingosine; this emcahnism is not proven in horses

Leukocenphaldmalacia (horses): produces CNS signs of severe depression, paralysis of tongue and facial mm, blindness, prostration and death

28
Q

Hydrogen sulfide

MOA
Characteristics

A

Inhibits cytochrome c oxidase and electron transport; rapidly affects respiratory center

Respiratory paralysis, acute CNS depression, loss of consciousness

29
Q

Ivermectin

MOA
Characteristics

A

Stimulates presynaptic release and postsynaptic binding of GABA, enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA in the CNS; primarily affects collie breeds b/c drug cross the BBB in these breeds

Depression, ataxia, blindness, coma; signs in noncollie breeds occur only at excessive dosages

30
Q

Lead

MOA
Characteristics

A

Not well-characterized; inhibits several enzymes; causes cerebral edema and neuronal degeneration; inhibits the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

May also be dose depednent; depression, coma, and blinddness occur intermittently with excitement or seizures

31
Q

Mercury (alkyl form)

MoA
Characteristics

A

Interrupts sufhydryle enzymes of protein syntehsis in the cerebral cortex and possibly, the cereballum; causes fibrinoid degneration ofmedial layer of cerebral artieries

Severe depression, coma, tremors, hypermetria, abnormal postures, blindness

32
Q

Opiates

MOA
Characteristics

A

Interact with variety of receptors in the CNS

Primary response to overdose include: CNS depression, coma, respiratory depression

33
Q

Yellow star thistle (Centaurea)

MOA
Characteristics

A

Unknown toxin causes nigropallidal encelphalomalacia, with poss release of CNS from inhibitory control of brain neuclei

Mild tremors of face and lips; paralysis of tongue in horses

Toxicology (5 decks)

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