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Gastro-intestinal System > Toxins and Microbiology > Flashcards

Toxins and Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common worms in the UK?

A

Pinworms

Tiny, sit on anus, very itchy

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2
Q

What is lactoperoxidase?

A

An antimicrobial present in breast milk

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3
Q

Which bacteria causes parotitis?

A

Staph aureus

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4
Q

What is achlorhydria?

A

Don’t produce enough gastric acid

More susceptible to certain infections

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5
Q

Name some microorganisms that are resistant to stomach acid

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Hep A
Polio
Coxsackie

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6
Q

Does the small bowel usually contain bacteria?

A

No

It is normally sterile

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7
Q

What is the main role of the colon?

A

Water recovery

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8
Q

What do eosinophil granules contain?

A

Peroxidases
Cationic proteins
Major basic protein

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9
Q

Eosinophilia only occurs in which conditions?

A

Asthma
Hay fever
Parasitic infection

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10
Q

How do we treat roundworms?

A

Can operate to remove
In poorer countries cannot operate as people are malnourished
Give them a drug to kill the roundworm
Expelled from anus

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11
Q

Where is the guinea worm most prevalent?

A

Ghana

Sudan

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12
Q

How does the guinea worm spread?

A

Ingested by humans from fresh water ponds
Flies ingest ovum
Flies protect ovum to the human duodenum where the worm burrows through the retroperitoneum
Moves down to the feet and expelled at a large ulcer
Moves subcutaneously
Intensely painful

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13
Q

What are basophils?

A

Mast cells in the blood

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14
Q

In cholera, the losses of water can be up to …

A

1 L/hr

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15
Q

What is the mortality of cholera if untreated?

A

60%

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16
Q

Where are the majority of macrophages in the body?

A

Liver

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17
Q

What are the 3 main sites for macrophages?

A

Liver
Lungs
Spleen

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18
Q

How many portal systems are there in the human body and name them?

A

2
Hepatic
Hypothalamus-hypophyseal

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19
Q

What is a portal system?

A

One capillary system flowing into another capillary system

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20
Q

Where are sinusoids present?

A

Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow

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21
Q

Give some causes of liver failure

A 
Viral hepatitis 
Alcohol 
Drugs 
Industrial solvents 
Mushroom poisoning
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22
Q

What types of infection are more likely to occur during liver failure?

A

Bacterial

Fungal

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23
Q

How does hepatic encephalopathy occur in liver failure?

A

Failure of urea cycle
Increased plasma ammonia
Moves through BBB
Toxic to the brain

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24
Q

What are the consequences at porto-systemic shunts of portal hypertension?

A

Oesophageal varices
Haemorrhoids
Caput medusae

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25
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

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26
Q

What does GALT stand for?

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue

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27
Q

GALT is nodular in which 3 locations?

A

Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Appendix

28
Q

What are the 3 types of tonsils?

A

Palatine (normal)
Lingual (back of tongue)
Nasopharyngeal

29
Q

Where do the tonsils drain into?

A

Cervical lymph nodes

30
Q

Why do we need ileocaecal lymphatic tissue?

A

In case of reflux of large bowel contents into the ileum

31
Q

Describe how typhoid fever affects the gut

A

Inflamed Peyer’s patches in terminal ileum

Can perforate and kill patients

32
Q

Where are there unsafe levels of arsenic?

A 
Bangladesh 
India 
Nepal 
Pakistan 
(In wells)
33
Q

What are obligate aerobes and give 2 examples?

A

Must have oxygen to live

Pseudomonas and mycobacterium

34
Q

What are obligate anaerobes and give 2 examples?

A

Die in the presence of oxygen

Bacteroids and clostridial organisms

35
Q

What are facultative anaerobes and give 2 examples?

A

Prefer oxygen but can live without it
Gram negative enteric bacteria (eg. Ecoli)
Gram positive skin dwellers (staphylococcus)

36
Q

Where are the anaerobic zones in the GI tract?

A

Parts of the mouth - deep in taste buds, between teeth, peridontal pockets
Small bowel
Colon

37
Q

What are the positive effects of human colonic bacteria?

A 
Synthesis and excrete vitamins
Prevent colonisation by pathogens 
Kill non-indigenous bacteria 
Stimulate development of MALT 
Stimulate production of natural antibodies
38
Q

What are the consequences of being ‘germ-free’?

A

Vitamin deficiencies
Increased susceptibility to infectious disease
Poorly developed immune system
Lack of natural antibody

39
Q

Which bacteria notoriously forms endospores?

A

Clostridium tetani

40
Q

A classic sore throat is caused by …

A

Strep viridans

41
Q

Can gonorrhoea cause UTIs?

A

No

Can cause inflammation of the urethra

42
Q

Describe the bacteria of the mouth

A

Lots of anaerobes
Over 700 species
Human bites can cause v nasty/fatal infections

43
Q

Give some risk factors for oral thrush

A 
Newborns
Diabetes
Antibiotics 
Inhaled steroids
Immune deficiency
44
Q

What is the treatment for oral thrush?

A

Amphotericin lozenges

Nystatin suspension

45
Q

What is Ludwig’s angina?

A

Bugs at cervical lymph nodes in tissue of neck
Usually streptococcal
Need to act v quickly because can cause laryngeal oedema

46
Q

Where are the 3 sites that are swabbed for MRSA?

A

Nose
Throat
Perineum

47
Q

When is strep viridans likely to cause bacteriaemia?

A

Teeth brushing
Dental procedures
General anaesthesia

48
Q

Define bacteriaemia

A

Bacteria are rapidly cleared from the bloodstream

No symptoms

49
Q

Define septicaemia

A

Bacteria not cleared and multiply in the bloodstream

Sepsis symptoms develop

50
Q

Is tonsillitis usually viral or bacterial?

A

Viral

51
Q

What are the most common viral causes of tonsillitis?

A

Adenovirus
Rhinovirus
EBV

52
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial tonsillitis?

A

Strep pyogenes

53
Q

What is quinsy?

A

Hugely inflamed tissue around the palatine tonsil
Deviates the uvula
Patient in absolute agony and struggling to breathe
Stop eating because swallowing is too painful
Treatment - to let the pus drain out

54
Q

Why is the treatment for quinsy very dangerous?

A

Cutting into tonsil to let the pus drain out

Very close to the internal carotid artery

55
Q

How many species of bacteria live in the colon?

A

> 100

56
Q

What particular species of bacteria are most common in the colon?

A

Bacteroides

Clostridia

57
Q

Name some bacteria always present in the colon

A

Bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides oralis, bacteroides melaninogenious
E-coli
Enterococcus faecalis

58
Q

How do we describe any gut surgery?

A

Dirty surgery

59
Q

How do we prevent surgical wound infections?

A

Prophylactic Abx
Metronidazole + broad spec Abx
Or
Co-amoxiclav

60
Q

What is the purpose of anal glands?

A

Secrete mucus at dentate line to aid passage of faeces

61
Q

How do we get perianal abscesses?

A

Stasis in the anal glands

Blockage causing infection

62
Q

Describe lactobacillus and its useful effect

A

Normal vaginal commensal
Converts glycogen to lactic acid - maintain acidic environment of vagina
Prevents other bacteria and candida albicans form growing

63
Q

Why is vaginal thrush common on broad spec Abx?

A

Kill lactobacillus in vagina
Acidic environment cannot be maintained
Candida albicans can grow

64
Q

What is the commonest bacteria causing UTI?

A

E-coli

65
Q

What is the second commonest organism causing UTI?

A

Enterococcus faecalis

66
Q

What is crepitus of the skin?

A

Feeling air underneath the skin

Gastro-intestinal System (10 decks)

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