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Gastro-intestinal System > Basic Structures, Processes And Endoscopy > Flashcards

Basic Structures, Processes And Endoscopy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

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2
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externae
Serosa

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3
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Aggregations of lymphocytes often present in the lamina propria

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4
Q

What constituents the mucosa?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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5
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

A layer of connective tissue bearing glands, arteries, veins and nerves

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6
Q

What are the 2 layers of muscularis externae?

A 
Outer = longitudinal 
Inner = circular
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7
Q

What is the of IgA?

A

Secreted in saliva to bind to bacteria and prevent them getting though the epithelium

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8
Q

Describe the innervation to the oesophagus

A

Myenteric plexus = between the 2 muscle layers

Submucosal plexus = between the muscularis externae and the submucosa

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of muscle in the stomach called?

A

Circular
Longitudinal
Oblique

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10
Q

What are Brunner’s glands?

A

Glands that secrete bicarbonate rich mucus to neutralise the acidic chyme from the stomach

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11
Q

What are plicae circulares?

A

Circular folds of mucosa and submucosa that project into the lumen of the jejunum to increase SA

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12
Q

What does the duodenum absorb?

A

Iron

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13
Q

What does the jejunum absorb?

A

Most sugars, amino acids and fatty acids

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14
Q

What does the ileum absorb?

A

Vitamin B12, bile acids and remaining nutrients

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15
Q

Where do GI contents await expulsion?

A

Colon

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16
Q

Where do you find most of the GI bacteria?

A

Colon

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17
Q

What type of bacteria are found in the colon?

A

99% anaerobic

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18
Q

How much do we ingest per day?

A

Approx 1 kg

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19
Q

How much saliva do we produce a day?

A

Approx 1.5 litres

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20
Q

How much does the stomach secrete a day?

A

Approx 2.5 litres

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21
Q

Which absorbs more water, the small or large intestine?

A

Small intestine

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22
Q

How much faeces do we produce a day?

A

Approx 150g

23
Q

Which cells release gastrin?

A

G cells in the stomach

24
Q

What is secretin?

A

Produced by the duodenum to promote bicarbonate production in the pancreas

25
Q

What does ERCP stand for?

A

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and pancreatography

26
Q

What is a hiatus hernia of the oesophagus?

A

Weakness in the oesophageal hiatus allows the cardia and fundus of the stomach to herniate into the thorax

27
Q

What is the blood supply to the upper 2/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Inferior thyroid artery
Aortic branches

Drains = inferior thyroid vein and azygous branches

28
Q

What is the blood supply to the lower 1/3 oesophagus?

A

Left gastric branch of coeliac trunk
Left inferior phrenic artery

Drains = left gastric vein (portal system)

29
Q

Define achalasia

A

A condition in which the muscles of the lower oesophagus fail to relax, preventing food passing into the stomach

30
Q

What mechanisms do we have to reduce reflux?

A

Acute angle of entry of oesophagus into stomach (valve like)
Mucosal folds at oesophagogastric jucntion act as a valve
Right crus of the diaphragm acts as a ‘pinch-cock’
Positive intra-abdominal pressure compresses the walls of the abdominal oesophagus

31
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

The muscular sphincter of the stomach the controls the passage of stomach contents into the duodenum

32
Q

Where is gastric ulceration often found?

A

Lesser curve at the angulus

33
Q

What ligament supports the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

Ligament of Treitz

34
Q

At what vertebral level does the duodenum commence?

A

L1

35
Q

How many divisions of the duodenum are there?

A

4

36
Q

Describe the superior portion of the duodenum

A 
5cm 
Intraperitoneal 
Overlapped by liver and gall bladder
Gall stones may cause erosion - can lead to fistulae here 
Ulcers common
37
Q

Describe the descending part of the duodenum

A 
Retroperitoneal 
7.5cm 
Curves round head of pancreas
Major duodenal papilla half way along (sphincter of Oddi here) 
Transition from foregut to midgut
38
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?

A

A gastrin secretion tumour of the pancreas that stimulates acid secreting cells of the stomach

39
Q

Describe the horizontal part of the duodenum

A

10cm
Crosses aorta at L2/3
Can lead to aorta-duodenal fistulae (rare)

40
Q

Describe the ascending portion of the duodenum

A

2.5cm
Duodenojejunal flexure
Retroperitoneal

41
Q

What ducts form the common hepatic duct?

A

Left and right hepatic ducts

42
Q

Which ducts form the common bile duct?

A

Cystic duct from gall bladder and common hepatic duct

43
Q

What is the epiploic foreman of Winslow?

A

Foramen from the greater to the lesser sacs of peritoneum

44
Q

How do we control hepatic haemorrhage?

A

Pringle manoeuvre - occlude the portal vein and hepatic artery by applying pressure to the free edge of the lesser sac

45
Q

What is the anatomical difference in coeliac disease?

A

The jejunum crypts and villi atrophy

46
Q

Why does the colonic wall have haustrations?

A

The lengths of muscle are shorter than the colon itself so bunch the colonic wall

47
Q

Why is there a valve at the ileocaecal junction?

A

To prevent backflow of colonic contents

48
Q

Where is the appendix?

A

Arises from posterior-medial aspect of the caecum

Approx 3 cm below the ileocaecal valve

49
Q

Why does the sigmoid colon often twist?

A

It’s very long

Has a loose mesenteric attachment

50
Q

What percentage of colon cancers are found in the rectum?

A

50%

51
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Dilatations of superior rectal veins

52
Q

What distinguishes whether haemorrhoids are painful or not?

A

Origin:
Above pectinate line = painless
Below pectinate line = painful (extremely)

53
Q

Which pair of glands produces the most saliva?

A

Submandibular

54
Q

What is kallkrein?

A

An enzyme that helps produce bradykinin to help vasodilation - allow blood flow to get to glands

Gastro-intestinal System (10 decks)

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