Toxicology (Part 1 : History and Definition of Terms) Flashcards
Toxicology is the study of ______________ of chemicals (and
other substances) on living organisms.
adverse effects
handles the toxic substances in
the PH
Poison Control Center
Antiquity
Chinese journals
Egyptians
Hindu Medicine
Greek Physicians
Romans
King Mithridates
Lex Cornelia
plant and fish poisons
Chinese journals (Antiquity)
T/F: both used as an antidote and poison
T
800 medicinal and
poisonous recipes
Egyptian documents
Egyptian documents is eventually called as
Ebers Papyrus
This contains poisons, opium, aconite, hemlock, metals (lead,
copper, mercury), etc.
Ebers Papyrus
Ebers Papyrus contains
poisons, opium, aconite, hemlock, metals (lead,
copper, mercury), etc.
Ayurveda; poisons and antidotes
Hindu medicine
– classified 600 plant, animal and
mineral poisons
Greek physicians
Introduced the bioavailability in therapy and
overdosage
Hippocrates
De Historia Plantarum
Theophrastus
Theophrastus is a student of
Aristotle
First Systemic Pharmacopoeia (600 plants and 1000 different medications)
De Materia Medica
used poisons for executions and
assassinations
Romans
cause of the death of Socrates
Hemlock
Ingested 36 mixtures of antidote concoctions
King Mithridates VI of Pontus
first law against
poisoning;
Lex Cornelia
Middle Age
Maimonides, Catherine De Medici
Lex Cornelia is introduced by
Sulla
a treatise on the treatment of poisoning from
insects, snakes, and mad dogs.
“Treatise on Poisons and
Their Antidotes
who made “Treatise on Poisons and
Their Antidotes”
Maimonides
He noted that milk, butter, and cream could affect the
bioavailability by delaying intestinal absorption.
Maimonides
studied different toxic concoctions
regarding toxic response (onset of action), effectiveness
(potency), specific site of action, and possible complaints of
the victim (side and adverse effects)
Catherine de Medici
Catherine de Medici studied the
onset of action
potency
side and adverse effects
site of action
RENAISSANCE
Paracelsus
Ellenbog
Agricola
Bernardino Ramazzini
Percival Pott
the right __________ differentiates a poison from a remedy
dose
“All substances are poison; there is none that is not poison.
The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy.”
Paracelsus
Paracelsus full name
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von
Hohenheim-Paracelsus
formulated the dose-response as a bulwark of
toxicology.
Paracelsus
Hg (mercury) and Pb (lead) toxicity from
goldsmithing to miners
Ellenbog
“On the Miners’ Sickness and Other Diseases
of Miners”
Agricola
– Discourse on the Disease of
Workers
Bernardino Ramazzini
polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity
among chimney sweeps
Percival Pott
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
Magendie, Orfila, Bernard, Oswald Schmiedeberg, Louis Lewin
Moa of Emetine and Strychnine
Magendie
First to use autopsy
Orfila
Father of Modern Toxicology
Orfila
Introduction to the study of Experimental Medicine
Bernard
synthesized hippuric acid in the
liver; worked on detoxification of the liver
Oswald Schmiedeberg
worked on narcotics and alkaloids
Louis Lewin
MODERN ERA
Wiley Bill, Establishment of National Institute of Health, Copeland Bill, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
utilized The Jungle of Upton Sinclair;
first of the U.S. pure food and drug laws
Wiley Bill (1906)
response to the consequence of acute kidney failure after
taking sulfanilamide in glycol solutions
Establishment of National Institute of Health (1930)
Establishment of National Institute of Health (1930) was a response to the consequence of __________ after taking ________ in glycol solutions
acute kidney failure; sulfanilamide
– passed into a Law. This is the
second bill involving the establishment of Food and Drug
Authority.
Copeland Bill (1938)
includes substances that was neither a drug nor a
food had to be shown to be safe and efficacious for
approval.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(1947)
AFTER WORLD WAR II
Passage of The Delaney Clause (1958)
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Thalidomide incident
any chemical
found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals or humans
could not be added to the U.S. Food Supply.
Passage of The Delaney Clause (1958)
first American journal dedicated to toxicology
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
used for morning sickness for pregnant
women, but caused deformities in babies (affecting
Thalidomide
21ST CENTURY TOXICOLOGY
-Sequencing of human genome
-Genetically modifying organism possessing orthologs of human
genes:
-Epigenetics
Genetically modifying organism possessing orthologs of human
genes:
Zebra Fish
Roundworms
Fruit Flies
(Danio rerio)
Zebra fish
(Caenorhabditis elegans)
Roundworms
(Drosophila melanogaster)
Fruit flies
novel approaches to studying the fetal origin of
adult diseases including cancers, diabetes, and neurodegenerative
diseases and disorders
Epigenetics
study of the adverse effects of xenobiotics
Toxicology
foreign substances to the body
Xenobiotics
substances that are produced naturally
Toxins
produced or a by-product of human activities
Toxicants
aka “corpus delecti” or “body of evidence”; any
substance which can cause injury, disease and death, when applied,
introduced into, or developed within the body
Poison
frequency of occurrence of adverse reactions upon
exposure to the poison
Risk
the likelihood that injury will occur in a given situation or
setting
Hazard
a collection of signs and symptoms which
characterizes a specific toxicant
Toxidrome
Smallest dose that kills 50% of the population
LD50
Smallest concentration that kills
50% of the population
LC50
Maximum amount of drug
considered safe
TLV (Threshold limit value)
The lower the _________, the more
dangerous the substance
TLV
Dose which produces the
desired effect in 50% of subjects
ED50 (Median effective dose)
Measure of safety
Therapeutic index
