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Toxicology > Part 2: Areas of Toxicology to Differences > Flashcards

Part 2: Areas of Toxicology to Differences Flashcards

1
Q

Deals with investigation of the toxic effect
of the substance on the biological system

A

Experimental Toxicology

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2
Q

most commonly used living organism in toxicology

A

Guinea pig

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3
Q

animals used living organism in toxicology

A

mice, rat, rabbit

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4
Q

Smallest dose that kills 50% of the population

A

LD50 (Median Lethal Dose)

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5
Q

Smallest concentration that kills 50% of the population

A

LC50 (Medium Lethal Concentration)

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6
Q

Maximum amount of drug considered safe

A

TLV (Threshold Limit Value)

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7
Q

Dose which produces the desired effect in 50% of subjects

A

ED50 (Median Effective Dose)

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8
Q

Measure of safety

A

Therapeutic Index

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9
Q

Therapeutic Index is the ratio of

A

LD50 to ED50

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10
Q

Involves the diagnosis/treatment
(antidote) of poisoning cases with emphasis on medical sciences, including signs and symptoms (toxidromes)

A

Clinical/Medical Toxicology

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11
Q

Toxidrome of Anticholinergics

A
  • Dry as a bone (dry mucosa)
  • Hot as a hare (hyperthermia)
  • Blind as a bat (mydriasis)
  • Mad as a hatter (delirium)
  • Red as a beet (flushed skin → due to vasodilation to eliminate body heat)
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12
Q

Example of Anticholinergic

A

Atropine

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13
Q

Toxidrome of Cholinergics

A

DUMBBELSS / SLUDGE

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14
Q

meaning of DUMBBELSS

A

Diarrhea, Urination, Micturition, Bradycardia, Bronchoconstriction, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation, Sweating

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15
Q

Example of Cholinergics

A

Organophosphate Carbamates

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16
Q

Toxidrome of Sympathomimetics

A
  • Mydriasis, Tachycardia
  • Hypertension, Hyperthermia, Seizures
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17
Q

Example of Sympathomimetics

A

Amphetamine Cocaine

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18
Q

Toxidrome of Opiates

A

TRIAD: Miosis (pinpoint), Hypotension, Coma
Hyperventialation, Bradycardia

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19
Q

example of Opiates

A

Morphine Heroin

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20
Q

Deals with deleterious effects and impact
of chemicals (usually from air, soil, water), present as toxins of the environment, to the living organism

A

Environmental Toxicology

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21
Q

Specialized area within environment
toxicology that focuses more specifically on the impacts of toxic substances on population dynamics in an ecosystem

A

Ecotoxicology

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22
Q

Concerned with sampling and toxicity
testing which provide information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements

A

Regulatory Toxicology

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23
Q

Deals with the medical and legal aspects
of poisoning

A

Forensic Toxicology

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24
Q

Deals with the mechanisms by which
chemicals exert their toxic effects on
organisms

A

Mechanistic Toxicology

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25
Q

Deals with the chemicals found in the
workplace

A

Occupational Toxicology

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26
Q

Major route of poisoning in Occupational Toxicology

A

inhalational

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27
Q

Concerned directly with toxicity testing

A

Descriptive Toxicology

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28
Q

An area of professional emphasis in the
realm of medical science that is concerned with diseases caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances

A

Clinical Toxicology

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29
Q

something that can cause
harm

A

Hazard

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30
Q

chance, high or low, that any
hazard will actually cause somebody harm

A

Risk

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31
Q

Include virus, bacteria, insects, animals
that can cause harm

A

Biological Hazards

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32
Q

Chemical Hazards: The nature of a chemical hazard will
depend on the _____________ of the chemicals
used and stored on the premises

A

properties

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33
Q

Result of physical factors that can lead to
musculoskeletal injuries

A

Ergonomic Hazards

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34
Q

Result of environmental factors and
include heights, vibration, radiation, and
pressure

A

Physical Hazards

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35
Q

Include hazards that can have an adverse
effect on an individual’s mental health or
wellbeing

A

Psychological Hazards

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36
Q

Hazards that create unsafe working
conditions

A

Safety Hazards

37
Q

the likelihood of a person being injured or receiving an adverse health effect due to a hazard occurrence

38
Q

should only be used as a last resort when all other controls have been exhausted

39
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPOSURE

A
  1. Type of effect 2. Dose
  2. Length
40
Q

Major Routes

A

GIT, Lungs, Skin, Parenteral

41
Q

Severity of routes and sites of exposure

A

IV > Inhalational > IP >SQ>IM>ID>PO > Dermal

42
Q

DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURE Categories

A

Acute, Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic

43
Q

exposure to chemical for less
than 24h

44
Q

usually single administration,
repeated exposures may be given within a 24-h period for some slightly toxic or practically non-toxic chemicals

45
Q

continuous exposure for less than 24 h, most frequently for 4 h

A

Acute exposure by inhalation

46
Q

repeated exposure to chemical for 1 month or less

47
Q

1 to 3 months

A

Subchronic

48
Q

more than 3 months

49
Q

The impression made by the poison is to
the body part it made contact with

A

Local Effects

50
Q

Effect is confined to the area of
administration

A

Local Effects

51
Q

Acids such as H2SO4 are _________ and can cause _________

A

corrosives; coagulative necrosis (solidification)

52
Q

Alkalis such as NaOH are _________ and can cause

A

Caustic; liquefactive

53
Q

The effect is produced in an area other than the site of application

A

Remote Effects

54
Q

Poison possesses both local and remote effects

A

Combined Effects

55
Q

Irritants causes _____________; examples are

A

tissue necrosis; Acids and alkalis

56
Q

Neurotics affects _______; examples are

A

CNS; hallucinogens

57
Q

Stimulate proliferation of cancer cells

A

Carcinogenic

58
Q

Nitrosamines, aflatoxin

A

Carcinogenic

59
Q

CO, methane gas

A

Asphyxiants

60
Q

Cause dyspnea; cause complete suspension of respiration

A

Asphyxiants

61
Q

Stimulate flow of tears from lacrimal glands

A

Lacrimators

62
Q

Cholinergics, carbamates, organophosphates

A

Lacrimators

63
Q

Stimulate excessive sneezing

A

Sternutators

64
Q

Strychnine, veratrine

A

Sternutators

65
Q

Produce muscular weakness; “exhaustives”

66
Q

Tubocurarine, NM blockers

67
Q

Opioids

68
Q

Produce mental weakness and depression, stupor, coma, respiratory depression

69
Q

main target organ; site of
metabolism and where enzymes are
situated

70
Q

concentration of a substance that may produce a toxic effect

71
Q

effect that a dose can produce (positive or negative)

72
Q

Types of Dose Response Rel.

A
  1. Individual Dose-Response Relationship
  2. Quantal Dose-Response Relationship
73
Q

Describes the response of the organism to varying doses of a chemical (referred to as “graded” response)

A

Individual Dose-Response Relationship

74
Q

continuous over a range of doses

A

Individual Dose-Response Relationship

75
Q

“all or none”

A

Quantal Dose-Response Relationship

76
Q

Normal or Gaussian distribution

A

Quantal Dose-Response Relationship

77
Q

represents normal frequency
curve in Quantal-Dose RR

A

Bell Shaped Curve

78
Q

represent the percentage of animals that responded at each dose minus the percentage that responded at
the immediately lower dose

79
Q

As the dose is increased, the response
also increases

A

Cumulative Quantal Dose-response

80
Q

In Cumulative Quantal Dose-response, a __________ curve will be formed

A

Sigmoidal curve

81
Q

Mortality is in probit units to form a straight line

A

Probit Quantal Dose-response

82
Q

________________ is achieved by drawing a line at the probit unit 5 which is the 50% response point to the dose effect line

A

Median Effective Dose (ED50)

83
Q

indicates that a large change is needed to
a significant change in response

A

“fat” dose response

84
Q

small changes in dosage will cause a large change in response

A

“steep” dose response

85
Q

Some non-nutritional toxic substances may also impart beneficial or stimulatory effects at low doses but at higher doses, they produce adverse effects

86
Q

Same chemical, different response

A

SELECTIVE TOXICITY

87
Q

Identifying the mechanistic basis for species differences in response to chemicals established the relevance of animal data to human response

A

SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES

88
Q

Even within a species, large interindividual differences in response to a chemical can occur because of subtle genetic differences (referred to as genetic polymorphisms)

A

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

89
Q

This contributes for the idiosyncratic reactions to chemicals and for interindividual differences in toxic responses

A

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Toxicology (9 decks)

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