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Toxicology of Drugs of Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

What is a chemical substance causing physical, physiological, behavioral, and psychological changes?

A

Drug

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2
Q

What is non-medical use causing physical, psychological, legal, economic, or social damage?

A

Drug abuse

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3
Q

Does drug abuse only refer to illegal drugs?

A

No, it also applies to legal drugs.

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4
Q

According to origin, how are drugs classified?

A

Natural or Synthetic

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5
Q

According to effects, how are drugs classified?

A

Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Narcotics
Sedatives/Depressants

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6
Q

What are examples of stimulants?

A

Amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, methamphetamine, shabu

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7
Q

What are examples of hallucinogens?

A

Molly, Ecstasy, LSD, Marijuana, mescaline, PCP, psilocybin

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8
Q

What are examples of narcotics?

A

Codeine, heroin, morphine

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9
Q

What are examples of sedatives/depressants?

A

Alcohol, barbiturates

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10
Q

According to legal classification in the Philippines, how are drugs classified?

A

RA 9165: Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

PD 1619: for volatile substances

RA 6425: Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972; prohibited and regulated drugs

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11
Q

According to international classification, how are drugs classified?

A

Narcotics
Psychotropic substances
Designer drugs

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12
Q

What produces sleep or stupor and also relieves pain according to international classification?

A

Narcotics

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13
Q

What has a particular affinity or effect on the psyche according to international classification?

A

Psychotropic substances

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14
Q

What is chemically related to but slightly different from controlled substances and designed by clandestine chemists according to international classification?

A

Designer drugs

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15
Q

What specimens are used in laboratory testing?

A

Urine, Serum, Hair, Nails, Whole blood/plasma (alcohol), Sweat, Saliva, Exhaled breath (alcohol)

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16
Q

What is the immunochemical method used in laboratory testing including EMIT and Fluorescent polarization based on?

A

Competitive binding immunoassay

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17
Q

What involves immobilized drug conjugate competing with drug/metabolites in laboratory testing?

A

Direct competition method

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18
Q

What involves displacement of a chemically labeled drug conjugate already bound to an equal amount of test antibody in laboratory testing?

A

Displacement method

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19
Q

What are the street names for methamphetamines?

A

Speed, ice, chalk, crystal, glass, poor man’s cocaine, shabu, shibpo, sha

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20
Q

What are the general effects of methamphetamines?

A

Anxiety, irritability, irrational behavior

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21
Q

What are the long-term effects of methamphetamines?

A

Psychosis similar to schizophrenia
Difficulty in concentrating
Loss of interest in sex

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22
Q

What are the physical effects of methamphetamines?

A

Chest pain, irregular heartbeat, hypertension, convulsion, death

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23
Q

What is the full name of MDMA?

A

Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine

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24
Q

What is MDMA commonly known as?

A

Ecstasy or molly

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25
Q

What is the half-life of MDMA?

A

8 to 9 hours

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26
Q

What is the onset time for the effects of MDMA?

A

30 to 60 minutes

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27
Q

How long do the effects of MDMA last?

A

Up to 3.5 hours

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28
Q

What are the desired effects of MDMA?

A

Hallucinations, euphoria, empathic and emotional responses, increased visual and tactile sensitivity

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29
Q

What are the adverse effects of MDMA?

A

Anxiety, agitation, violent behavior, tachycardia, respiratory depression, seizures, hyperthermia, cardiac, liver and renal toxicity

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30
Q

What are anabolic steroids chemically related to?

A

Testosterone

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31
Q

How do anabolic steroids improve athletic performance?

A

Increasing muscle mass, vigor, and stamina

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32
Q

What are the toxic effects of anabolic steroids?

A

Chronic hepatitis, atherosclerosis, abnormal platelet aggregation, cardiomegaly

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33
Q

What are naturally occurring cannabinoids?

A

Marijuana and hashish

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34
Q

What are the two types of cannabis?

A

Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica

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35
Q

Which type of cannabis has more tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)?

A

Cannabis sativa

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36
Q

Which type of cannabis has less cannabidiol (CBD)?

A

Cannabis sativa

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37
Q

What is the most psychoactive ingredient in cannabis?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

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38
Q

What are the routes of administration for cannabinoids?

A

Smoking, ingestion

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39
Q

What are the street names for marijuana?

A

Pot, mary jane, MJ, weed, grass, puff, gangea, joint, dope

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40
Q

What are the effects of cannabinoids?

A

Reddening of conjunctiva, increased pulse rate, muscle weakness, deterioration in motor coordination

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41
Q

What is the half-life of cannabinoids for single use?

A

1 day

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42
Q

What is the half-life of cannabinoids for chronic use?

A

3-5 days

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43
Q

What is the urinary metabolite of cannabinoids?

A

11-nor-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH)

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44
Q

How long can cannabinoids be detected in urine after single use?

45
Q

How long can cannabinoids be detected in urine after chronic use?

A

Up to 4 weeks

46
Q

What are street names for cocaine?

A

Coke, crack, gold dust, stardust, white girl, speedballs

47
Q

What is cocaine derived from?

A

Coca plant; derivative of the alkaloid ecgonine

48
Q

What is the central nervous system effect of cocaine?

A

Elicits a sense of excitement and euphoria

49
Q

What is another use of cocaine besides stimulation?

A

Local anesthetic

50
Q

What are the routes of administration for cocaine?

A

Insufflation, intravenous, vapor inhalation (smoking crack)

51
Q

What is cocaethylene?

A

Ethanol + cocaine

52
Q

What effect does cocaethylene have?

A

Blocks dopamine reuptake, vasoconstriction, increased myocardial oxygen demand

53
Q

What are the toxic effects of cocaine?

A

Cardiotoxicity; crosses placenta, mammary gland

54
Q

What is the treatment for cocaine toxicity?

A

Benzodiazepine

55
Q

What is the half-life of cocaine?

A

0.5 to 1 hour

56
Q

What is the urine metabolite of cocaine?

A

Benzoylecgonine

57
Q

How long can cocaine be detected in urine after single use?

A

Up to 3 days

58
Q

How long can cocaine be detected in urine after chronic use?

A

Up to 20 days

59
Q

What are opiates capable of?

A

Analgesia, sedation, and anesthesia.

60
Q

From what plant are opiates derived?

A

Opium poppy plant.

61
Q

What feeling do opiates provide?

A

Intense pleasure followed by well-being and calm.

62
Q

What are the toxic effects of opiates?

A

Respiratory acidosis, myoglobinuria, cardiopulmonary failure, pinpoint pupils, increased serum cardiac markers.

63
Q

What are the derivatives of opiates?

A

Naturally occurring: opium, morphine, and codeine.

Chemically modified: heroin, hydromorphone, and oxycodone.

Synthetic: meperidine, methadone, propoxyphene, pentazocine, and fentanyl.

64
Q

What are the street names for morphine?

A

“M”, “Dreamer”, “Ms. Emma”, “Cube juice”, “hard stuff”, “Morph”, emsel, puibos.

65
Q

What is morphine a derivative of?

A

Opium and a metabolite of heroin.

66
Q

What are the uses of morphine?

A

Powerful analgesic and treatment of acute congestive heart failure.

67
Q

What is the street name for codeine?

A

School boy.

68
Q

What are the uses of codeine?

A

Mild analgesic and anti-tussive.

69
Q

How is codeine administered?

A

Intravenous.

70
Q

How is codeine addiction recognized?

A

Needle tracks on the user’s arms and hands.

71
Q

What is an analog of codeine?

A

Dextromethorphan (D-3-Methoxy-N-Methylmorphine).

72
Q

What receptors does codeine block?

A

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors.

73
Q

What are the effects of blocking N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors?

A

Neuronal plasticity and memory, central pain pathways in the brain.

74
Q

What are the street names for heroin?

A

Blanco, brown, sugar, kabayo, kengkoy, gamot, matsakao, pulbos, sagpa, tinitk.

75
Q

What is the route of administration for heroin?

A

Intravenous.

76
Q

What is highly addictive and crosses the blood-brain barrier if levels are elevated in the central nervous system?

77
Q

What are the routes of administration for opium?

A

Intravenous, smoking, oral (pill).

78
Q

What is the half-life of opium?

A

3 minutes.

79
Q

How long does the effect of opium last?

80
Q

What are the street names for phencyclidine (PCP)?

A

Angel dust, angel hair, crystal super grass, killer joints, ozone, wack, rocket fuel.

81
Q

What are the properties of phencyclidine (PCP)?

A

Stimulant, depressant, anesthetic, hallucinogenic properties.

82
Q

What are the routes of administration for phencyclidine (PCP)?

A

Ingested, inhaled via smoking.

83
Q

What is the elimination rate of phencyclidine (PCP)?

A

bout 10-15% remain unchanged in urine.

84
Q

What is the major metabolite of phencyclidine (PCP)?

A

Phencyclidine hydrochloride.

85
Q

How long can phencyclidine (PCP) be detected after abstinence?

A

Up to 7-30 days (chronic use).

86
Q

What are the toxic effects of phencyclidine (PCP)?

A

Tachycardia, seizure, coma, death.

87
Q

What is the treatment for phencyclidine (PCP) toxicity?

A

Isolation, keep in dark, quiet room.

88
Q

What are the most common types of sedative hypnotics?

A

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines.

89
Q

What are sedative hypnotics used for in relation to heroin?

A

Used to potentiate effects of heroin.

90
Q

What initiates the toxicity of sedative hypnotics?

A

Toxicity is initiated by ethanol.

91
Q

What are the toxic effects of sedative hypnotics?

A

Cheyne-Stokes respiration, depression, cyanosis, stupor, coma.

92
Q

What are some street names for barbiturates?

A

Lily, bala, downers, yellow jackets, blue heavens.

93
Q

What are the symptoms of barbiturate abuse?

A

Slurred speech, slowing of mental functions, constricted pupils, Central Nervous System depression.

94
Q

What are some commonly abused barbiturates?

A

Secobarbital, pentobarbital, thiopental, phenobarbital.

95
Q

What is phenobarbital structurally similar to and what is its use?

A

Structurally resembles phenytoin (anti-seizure).

96
Q

What is the condensation product of urea and malonic acid?

A

Barbiturates.

97
Q

What is the major metabolite of barbiturates?

A

Secobarbital.

98
Q

What are some commonly used benzodiazepines?

A

Diazepam (Valium), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), lorazepam (Ativan).

99
Q

What is one use of benzodiazepines in relation to cocaine?

A

Used for treatment of cocaine addiction.

100
Q

What is diazepam used for?

A

Control of acute seizure activity; minor tranquilizer.

101
Q

What is the full name of LSD?

A

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (Lysergide).

102
Q

What are some street names for Lysergic Acid Diethylamide?

A

Lucy in the sky of diamonds, wedding bells, acid, white sugar, lightning, cubes, brain eaters.

103
Q

What type of drug is Lysergic Acid Diethylamide?

A

A semisynthetic indolealkylamine; a hallucinogen.

104
Q

What are the effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide?

A

Visual hallucination (induction, vision), perceptual distortion, synesthesia (overflow of sensory inputs so that colors are heard) and muscle tension.

105
Q

What are some adverse reactions to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide?

A

Panic reactions such as “bad trip,” “acid trip.”

106
Q

What are monoamine oxidase inhibitors known to enhance?

A

The hallucinogenic effect of tryptamines.

107
Q

What is the antagonist for tryptamines?

A

Benzodiazepines.

108
Q

What are the toxic effects of tryptamines?

A

Tachycardia, hypertension, dystonia, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, paralysis.

109
Q

What is the window of detection in urine for marijuana?

A

2 days to 3 weeks.

Clinical Chemistry 2 (6 decks)

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