Toxicology in Food/Feed Safety

Question 1

What is toxicology?

Answer 1

The science of understanding the harmful effects that chemicals, substance, or situations can have on people, animals, and the environment.

Question 2

Toxicology is now know as the “Science of _______”

Answer 2

Science of Safety

Question 3

What are 4 natural defense mechanisms of plants?

Answer 3

Mechanical irritants, chemical defenses, insecticides, anti-nutritional factors.

Question 4

Give 3 examples of mechanical irritants of plants.

Answer 4

Thornes, foxtails, spines.

Question 5

Give 3 examples of chemical irritant of plants.

Answer 5

Oxalates, tannins, cyanide

Question 6

Name 2 natural insecticides found in plants.

Answer 6

Nicotine, pyrethrins

Question 7

Name 2 anti-nutritional factors found in plants.

Answer 7

Nitrate/nitrite

Trichothecene mycotoxins

Question 8

What symptoms do avocados cause in horses?

Answer 8

Decrease milk production

Question 9

What compounds in acacia tree bark causes colic?

Answer 9

Lectin

Question 10

Poderosa pine needle can cause what in cattle?

Answer 10

Abortion during 3rd trimester

Question 11

Black walnut causes what in horses?

Answer 11

Laminitis

Question 12

Selenium accumulation can cause what?

Answer 12

Hoof deformities

Question 13

Name 3 possible mechanisms of toxicity?

Answer 13

Receptor/ligand interactions
Enzyme reactions
Cytotoxic injury

Question 14

What is a toxin? What is a toxicant?

Answer 14

Toxin: natural
Toxicant: man-made

Question 15

Is the FDA regulatory or non-regulatory?

Answer 15

Regulatory

Question 16

Is FARAD regulatory or non-regulatory?

Answer 16

Non-regulatory

Question 17

Is the EPA regulatory or non-regulatory?

Answer 17

Regulatory

Question 18

What does the FDA do?

Answer 18

Tests food and produce, except for meat and milk.

Meat and milk: monitors residues and enforces tolerance limits established by the EPA.

Question 19

What does the EPA do?

Answer 19

Establish and enforce residue tolerances

Question 20

Is the USDA regulatory or non-regulatory?

Answer 20

Regulatory

Question 21

What is a mycotoxin?

Answer 21

Secondary metabolite produce by fungi

Question 22

Alfatoxin is produced by

Answer 22

Aspergillus flavus

Question 23

What organ contributes to the biotransformation/toxicity of alfatocin?

Answer 23

The liver