Microbes (Fact Sheets) Flashcards
What are the 2 modes of transmission for Aeromonas hydrophila?
- Fecal oral
2. Infection of an open wound
What animals can contract Aeromonas hydrophila?
Humans
Fish/Amphibians
What are the symptoms of Aeromonas hydrophila in humans?
bloody diarrhea, vomiting, wound infections, septicemia
What are the symptoms of Aeromonas hydrophila in fish/amphibians?
Ulcers, fin/tail rot, hemorrhagic septicemia
What are the main virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila?
Adhesins, biofilms, proteases, enterotoxins, hemolysins
What is quorum sensing?
Regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density
Preharvest prevention for Aeromonas hydrophila?
Maintain good water quality, temps <14-C
Harvest preventions for Aeromonas hydrophila?
Clean fish and check for infection
Post harvest preventions for Aeromonas hydrophila?
Proper storage and handling.
Treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila?
Antibiotics and fluid therapy.
How is Arcobacter transmitted?
Ingestion of contaminated food or water.
Pathophysiology of Arcobacter?
Produced toxins that disrupt cellular connections and release proinflammatory substances.
Sources of Arcobacter?
Raw/undercooked poultry, pork, beef (most common) Dairy Water Shellfish Ready-to-eat vegetables
Symptoms of Arcobacter in humans?
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
Symptoms of Arcobacter in animals?
Diarrhea, mastitis, abortion
Preharvest prevention of Arcobacter?
Don’t feed chicken carcasses to pigs
Harvest prevention of Arcobacter?
Proper hygiene, PPE, handling raw animal products
Postharvest prevention of Arcobacter?
Wash your hands, cook food thoroughly, don’t consume raw dairy products.
What are the main sources of Campylobacter?
Poultry, raw milk, contaminated food and water
Symptoms of Campylobacter in humans?
Diarrhea, fever, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting
Symptoms of Campylobacter in animals?
Usually asymptomatic
What type of cytotoxin does Campylobacter produce?
Heat-labile adhesin
What is the treatment for Campylobacter?
Usually not needed, stay hydrated!
What are the best ways to prevent Campylobacter?
Proper health and safety of animals, cooking meat, pasteurization of milk
How is Clostridium botulinum transmitted?
Ingestion of toxins, carcasses, or spores
Symptoms of Clostridium botulinum?
Muscle weakness, paralysis, difficulty breathing, unclear vision
What toxins does Clostridium botulinum produce and what species do they affect?
A - humans B - humans, horses C - dogs, ruminants, horses D - ruminants E - humans
Pathophysiology of Clostridium botulinum?
Binds to presynaptic terminals of peripheral nerves and inhibits release of acetylcholine (flaccid paralysis).
Prevention for Clostridium botulinum?
High temperature treatment, acidic environment, high pressure.
Main source of Cronobacter sakazakii?
Powdered infant formula
What is unique about Cronobacter’s environmental tolerances?
Survives desiccation and high temps
Symptoms of Cronobacter?
Necrotizing enterocolitis, bactermia, meningitis
Does Cronobacter come from cows?
No.
What is Cryptosporidium?
A protozoan
Cryptosporidium is the leading cause of ______.
Waterborne diarrheal disease
How do people/animals become infected with Cronobacter?
Ingestion infected fecal material in unwashed foods or contaminated water.
Number one symptom of Cryptosporidium?
Watery diarrhea
Treatment for Cryptosporidium?
Usually self limiting, stay hydrated!
Prevention of Cryptosporidium?
Wash hand after contact with animals, wash all produce.
What are common sources of Mycobacterium?
Inhalation, unpasteurized dairy products, contaminated water
What is the cause of staphylococcus food poisoning?
Heat-stable exotoxins
What are common symptoms of Giardia infection?
Stomach cramps, gas, diarrhea
Are cryptosporidium oocysts resistant to chlorine treatment?
Yes
What is a common source of Yersinia enterocolitica?
Chitlins (pig intestines dish)
What is the best treatment for emetic form of Bacillus cereus food poisoning?
Monitor patient for 1 - 2 days since most cases are self-limiting and administer fluids.
What are the two main food animal sources of Sarcocystis?
Pork and beef
What are possible clinical signs of Listeria?
Fever, vomiting, meningitis
What cause watery diarrhea with Arcobacter infections?
Heat-stable enterotoxins
What type of disease does Clostridium perfringens produce in humans?
Enteritis
What is Shigella’s primary route of transmission?
Fecal oral
What are the 3 most common sources of Campylobacter?
Poultry
Raw Milk
Untreated water
