Microbes (Fact Sheets)

Question 1

What are the 2 modes of transmission for Aeromonas hydrophila?

Answer 1

1. Fecal oral

2. Infection of an open wound

Question 2

What animals can contract Aeromonas hydrophila?

Answer 2

Humans

Fish/Amphibians

Question 3

What are the symptoms of Aeromonas hydrophila in humans?

Answer 3

bloody diarrhea, vomiting, wound infections, septicemia

Question 4

What are the symptoms of Aeromonas hydrophila in fish/amphibians?

Answer 4

Ulcers, fin/tail rot, hemorrhagic septicemia

Question 5

What are the main virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila?

Answer 5

Adhesins, biofilms, proteases, enterotoxins, hemolysins

Question 6

What is quorum sensing?

Answer 6

Regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density

Question 7

Preharvest prevention for Aeromonas hydrophila?

Answer 7

Maintain good water quality, temps <14-C

Question 8

Harvest preventions for Aeromonas hydrophila?

Answer 8

Clean fish and check for infection

Question 9

Post harvest preventions for Aeromonas hydrophila?

Answer 9

Proper storage and handling.

Question 10

Treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila?

Answer 10

Antibiotics and fluid therapy.

Question 11

How is Arcobacter transmitted?

Answer 11

Ingestion of contaminated food or water.

Question 12

Pathophysiology of Arcobacter?

Answer 12

Produced toxins that disrupt cellular connections and release proinflammatory substances.

Question 13

Sources of Arcobacter?

Answer 13

Raw/undercooked poultry, pork, beef (most common)
Dairy
Water
Shellfish
Ready-to-eat vegetables

Question 14

Symptoms of Arcobacter in humans?

Answer 14

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting

Question 15

Symptoms of Arcobacter in animals?

Answer 15

Diarrhea, mastitis, abortion

Question 16

Preharvest prevention of Arcobacter?

Answer 16

Don’t feed chicken carcasses to pigs

Question 17

Harvest prevention of Arcobacter?

Answer 17

Proper hygiene, PPE, handling raw animal products

Question 18

Postharvest prevention of Arcobacter?

Answer 18

Wash your hands, cook food thoroughly, don’t consume raw dairy products.

Question 19

What are the main sources of Campylobacter?

Answer 19

Poultry, raw milk, contaminated food and water

Question 20

Symptoms of Campylobacter in humans?

Answer 20

Diarrhea, fever, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting

Question 21

Symptoms of Campylobacter in animals?

Answer 21

Usually asymptomatic

Question 22

What type of cytotoxin does Campylobacter produce?

Answer 22

Heat-labile adhesin

Question 23

What is the treatment for Campylobacter?

Answer 23

Usually not needed, stay hydrated!

Question 24

What are the best ways to prevent Campylobacter?

Answer 24

Proper health and safety of animals, cooking meat, pasteurization of milk

Question 25

How is Clostridium botulinum transmitted?

Answer 25

Ingestion of toxins, carcasses, or spores

Question 26

Symptoms of Clostridium botulinum?

Answer 26

Muscle weakness, paralysis, difficulty breathing, unclear vision

Question 27

What toxins does Clostridium botulinum produce and what species do they affect?

Answer 27

``` A - humans B - humans, horses C - dogs, ruminants, horses D - ruminants E - humans ```

Question 28

Pathophysiology of Clostridium botulinum?

Answer 28

Binds to presynaptic terminals of peripheral nerves and inhibits release of acetylcholine (flaccid paralysis).

Question 29

Prevention for Clostridium botulinum?

Answer 29

High temperature treatment, acidic environment, high pressure.

Question 30

Main source of Cronobacter sakazakii?

Answer 30

Powdered infant formula

Question 31

What is unique about Cronobacter's environmental tolerances?

Answer 31

Survives desiccation and high temps

Question 32

Symptoms of Cronobacter?

Answer 32

Necrotizing enterocolitis, bactermia, meningitis

Question 33

Does Cronobacter come from cows?

Answer 33

No.

Question 34

What is Cryptosporidium?

Answer 34

A protozoan

Question 35

Cryptosporidium is the leading cause of ______.

Answer 35

Waterborne diarrheal disease

Question 36

How do people/animals become infected with Cronobacter?

Answer 36

Ingestion infected fecal material in unwashed foods or contaminated water.

Question 37

Number one symptom of Cryptosporidium?

Answer 37

Watery diarrhea

Question 38

Treatment for Cryptosporidium?

Answer 38

Usually self limiting, stay hydrated!

Question 39

Prevention of Cryptosporidium?

Answer 39

Wash hand after contact with animals, wash all produce.

Question 40

What are common sources of Mycobacterium?

Answer 40

Inhalation, unpasteurized dairy products, contaminated water

Question 41

What is the cause of staphylococcus food poisoning?

Answer 41

Heat-stable exotoxins

Question 42

What are common symptoms of Giardia infection?

Answer 42

Stomach cramps, gas, diarrhea

Question 43

Are cryptosporidium oocysts resistant to chlorine treatment?

Answer 43

Yes

Question 44

What is a common source of Yersinia enterocolitica?

Answer 44

Chitlins (pig intestines dish)

Question 45

What is the best treatment for emetic form of Bacillus cereus food poisoning?

Answer 45

Monitor patient for 1 - 2 days since most cases are self-limiting and administer fluids.

Question 46

What are the two main food animal sources of Sarcocystis?

Answer 46

Pork and beef

Question 47

What are possible clinical signs of Listeria?

Answer 47

Fever, vomiting, meningitis

Question 48

What cause watery diarrhea with Arcobacter infections?

Answer 48

Heat-stable enterotoxins

Question 49

What type of disease does Clostridium perfringens produce in humans?

Answer 49

Enteritis

Question 50

What is Shigella's primary route of transmission?

Answer 50

Fecal oral

Question 51

What are the 3 most common sources of Campylobacter?

Answer 51

Poultry Raw Milk Untreated water