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Food & Feed Safety > Microbes (Fact Sheets) > Flashcards

Microbes (Fact Sheets) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 modes of transmission for Aeromonas hydrophila?

A
  1. Fecal oral

2. Infection of an open wound

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2
Q

What animals can contract Aeromonas hydrophila?

A

Humans

Fish/Amphibians

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of Aeromonas hydrophila in humans?

A

bloody diarrhea, vomiting, wound infections, septicemia

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of Aeromonas hydrophila in fish/amphibians?

A

Ulcers, fin/tail rot, hemorrhagic septicemia

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5
Q

What are the main virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila?

A

Adhesins, biofilms, proteases, enterotoxins, hemolysins

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6
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

Regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density

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7
Q

Preharvest prevention for Aeromonas hydrophila?

A

Maintain good water quality, temps <14-C

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8
Q

Harvest preventions for Aeromonas hydrophila?

A

Clean fish and check for infection

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9
Q

Post harvest preventions for Aeromonas hydrophila?

A

Proper storage and handling.

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10
Q

Treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila?

A

Antibiotics and fluid therapy.

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11
Q

How is Arcobacter transmitted?

A

Ingestion of contaminated food or water.

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12
Q

Pathophysiology of Arcobacter?

A

Produced toxins that disrupt cellular connections and release proinflammatory substances.

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13
Q

Sources of Arcobacter?

A 
Raw/undercooked poultry, pork, beef (most common)
Dairy
Water
Shellfish
Ready-to-eat vegetables
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14
Q

Symptoms of Arcobacter in humans?

A

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting

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15
Q

Symptoms of Arcobacter in animals?

A

Diarrhea, mastitis, abortion

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16
Q

Preharvest prevention of Arcobacter?

A

Don’t feed chicken carcasses to pigs

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17
Q

Harvest prevention of Arcobacter?

A

Proper hygiene, PPE, handling raw animal products

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18
Q

Postharvest prevention of Arcobacter?

A

Wash your hands, cook food thoroughly, don’t consume raw dairy products.

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19
Q

What are the main sources of Campylobacter?

A

Poultry, raw milk, contaminated food and water

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20
Q

Symptoms of Campylobacter in humans?

A

Diarrhea, fever, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting

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21
Q

Symptoms of Campylobacter in animals?

A

Usually asymptomatic

22
Q

What type of cytotoxin does Campylobacter produce?

A

Heat-labile adhesin

23
Q

What is the treatment for Campylobacter?

A

Usually not needed, stay hydrated!

24
Q

What are the best ways to prevent Campylobacter?

A

Proper health and safety of animals, cooking meat, pasteurization of milk

25
Q

How is Clostridium botulinum transmitted?

A

Ingestion of toxins, carcasses, or spores

26
Q

Symptoms of Clostridium botulinum?

A

Muscle weakness, paralysis, difficulty breathing, unclear vision

27
Q

What toxins does Clostridium botulinum produce and what species do they affect?

A 
A - humans
B - humans, horses
C - dogs, ruminants, horses
D - ruminants
E - humans
28
Q

Pathophysiology of Clostridium botulinum?

A

Binds to presynaptic terminals of peripheral nerves and inhibits release of acetylcholine (flaccid paralysis).

29
Q

Prevention for Clostridium botulinum?

A

High temperature treatment, acidic environment, high pressure.

30
Q

Main source of Cronobacter sakazakii?

A

Powdered infant formula

31
Q

What is unique about Cronobacter’s environmental tolerances?

A

Survives desiccation and high temps

32
Q

Symptoms of Cronobacter?

A

Necrotizing enterocolitis, bactermia, meningitis

33
Q

Does Cronobacter come from cows?

A

No.

34
Q

What is Cryptosporidium?

A

A protozoan

35
Q

Cryptosporidium is the leading cause of ______.

A

Waterborne diarrheal disease

36
Q

How do people/animals become infected with Cronobacter?

A

Ingestion infected fecal material in unwashed foods or contaminated water.

37
Q

Number one symptom of Cryptosporidium?

A

Watery diarrhea

38
Q

Treatment for Cryptosporidium?

A

Usually self limiting, stay hydrated!

39
Q

Prevention of Cryptosporidium?

A

Wash hand after contact with animals, wash all produce.

40
Q

What are common sources of Mycobacterium?

A

Inhalation, unpasteurized dairy products, contaminated water

41
Q

What is the cause of staphylococcus food poisoning?

A

Heat-stable exotoxins

42
Q

What are common symptoms of Giardia infection?

A

Stomach cramps, gas, diarrhea

43
Q

Are cryptosporidium oocysts resistant to chlorine treatment?

A

Yes

44
Q

What is a common source of Yersinia enterocolitica?

A

Chitlins (pig intestines dish)

45
Q

What is the best treatment for emetic form of Bacillus cereus food poisoning?

A

Monitor patient for 1 - 2 days since most cases are self-limiting and administer fluids.

46
Q

What are the two main food animal sources of Sarcocystis?

A

Pork and beef

47
Q

What are possible clinical signs of Listeria?

A

Fever, vomiting, meningitis

48
Q

What cause watery diarrhea with Arcobacter infections?

A

Heat-stable enterotoxins

49
Q

What type of disease does Clostridium perfringens produce in humans?

A

Enteritis

50
Q

What is Shigella’s primary route of transmission?

A

Fecal oral

51
Q

What are the 3 most common sources of Campylobacter?

A

Poultry
Raw Milk
Untreated water

Food & Feed Safety (5 decks)

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