Toxicology (All) Flashcards
what type of cells produce mucus
non-ciliated cells (goblet)
what are basal cells used for
for repair and replacement
which cells secretes liquid for respiratory defence
Clara and neuroendocrine cells (PNEC)
where does the two phagocytosis go after
mucous or the lymphatic drainage
what are flyash
fossil fuel combustion
what does it mean if the % PMN is higher
the ultrafine particles are more damaging due to it being able to reach the deeper parts of the respiratory system - more inflammatory cells accumulation within the cells
examples of halogenated hydrocarbons (nephrotoxic)
chloroform
bromobenzene
examples of some therapeutic agents
aminoglycosides
cisplatin
an example of a mycotoxin
aflatoxin
a drug that can change the permeability of the glomerulus
doxorubicin
drugs that can impair the filtration of the glomerulus
amphotericin B and cyclosporin
three classes of nephrotoxicity
direct chemical toxicity
altered haemodynamics
crystallisation
how would cadium induce cast formation and tubular obstruction
cadium strips away the adhesion molecules on the epithelial cells, leading to apoptosis and necrosis, finally leading to obstruction
example of drugs inhibit cyclooxyrgenase enzymes
aspirin and ibruprofen
(NSAIDs)
how do NSAIDs damage the kidneys
NSAIDs are inhibitors of prostaglandin synthasis. meaning that it will constrict the airways and the kidney is very delicate
what is neoplasia
the growth of tissues/cells that is uncontrolled
difference between malignant and benign
benign is the loss of proliferation
malignant is the loss of proliferation and differentiation
what are the two types of malignant tumour
solid and hemtologic
how do cancer cells not get detected by the immune system
cancer cells produce foetal antigens
the gene p53 is associated with what
the suppression of cell growth for damaged cells
what type of genes is cancer associated with
proto-oncogenes
tumour suppressor genes
what two core in vitro test is essential to find stage 1 of genotoxicity
ames test
Micronucleus assay
what does the Ames test measure
the effect of substances on the rate of bacterial reverse mutation
