Respiratory

Question 1

what is perfusion influenced by

Answer 1

alveolar pressure

Question 2

what can increase resistance to airflow and the decrease in ventilation and diffusion of gases

Answer 2

mucosal edema
secretions
bronchospasms

Question 3

how does epinephrine induce bronchodilation

Answer 3

stimulates beta2 receptors in bronchial smooth muscles

Question 4

what are sympathomimetic amines

Answer 4

drugs that mimic the sympathetic system

Question 5

what are expectorants

Answer 5

medicine that help clear mucus from airway

Question 6

difference between H1 and H2 receptors

Answer 6

H1 = constrict EV smooth muscle
H2 = increase gastric secretions –> peptic ulcer disease
(found in the GI tract)

Question 7

examples of antihistamines (2)

Answer 7

cetirizine
loratadine

Question 8

examples of decongestants (2)

Answer 8

pseudoephedrine
oxymetolazone

Question 9

how do antitussives work

Answer 9

act on the medulla to suppress the cough reflex

Question 10

example of an antitussives

Answer 10

dextromethorphan (nonnarcotic)

Question 11

examples of expectorants

Answer 11

guaifenesin - increases fluid secretion

Question 12

what is lung compliance

Answer 12

the ability of the lungs to stretch

Question 13

how is lung compliance determined

Answer 13

connective tissue (collage and elastin)
surface tension in the alveoli (controlled by surfactant)

Question 14

what do surfactants do

Answer 14

lowers surface tension in alveoli and prevents interstitial fluid from entering

Question 15

which receptors do decongestants work on

Answer 15

alpha adrenergic receptors

Question 16

how is restrictive lung disease caused

Answer 16

pulmonary edema
pulmonary fibrosis
pneumonitis
lung tumors

Question 17

what causes COPD

Answer 17

chronic bronchitis
emphysema
asthma

Question 18

what is cystic fibrosis

Answer 18

inherited: causes sticky mucus to build up in the lungs airways and digestive system

Question 19

which mutation is responsible for the cystic fibrosis in caucasians

Answer 19

(delta)Phe508 mutation - thick and obstructive mucus - from cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

Question 20

what is class 1 mutation of CFTR

Answer 20

premature termination - truncated proteins

Question 21

what is class 2 mutation of CFTR

Answer 21

common deletion of the codon - not folded properly and degraded in the ER

Question 22

what is class 3 mutation of CFTR

Answer 22

mutation of the binding site of the CFTR

Question 23

what is class 4 mutation of CFTR

Answer 23

distortion of the membrane spanning domain - chloride ions goes through the channels but its not efficient - not that severe

Question 24

what are the two aqueous layer in the human airway lining

Answer 24

mucus and airway surface fluid (ASF)

Question 25

how can antibiotics reduce cardiovascular infections and name an example

Answer 25

they are used to control pseudomonas infections (bacteria from the environment) - tobramycin

Question 26

how can smooth muscle relaxants reduce cardiovascular infections

Answer 26

it opens airways for easier mucus clearance - albuterol

Question 27

how can anti-inflammatories help reduce cardiovascular infections

Answer 27

it is used for reducing pulmonary inflammation caused by immune response in lungs - ibuprofen

Question 28

how can DNases help reduce cardiovascular infections

Answer 28

DNA cleaving enzyme helps to thin mucus

Question 29

what type of disease is asthma

Answer 29

obstructive and inflammatory

Question 30

how can asthma be diagnosed

Answer 30

spirometry

Question 31

what does spirometry measure

Answer 31

the volume and flow of air that can be inhaled and exhaled

Question 32

in asthma, increased airway resistance produces what in terms of spirometry

Answer 32

reduced FEV (forced expiratory volume)

Question 33

what is FVC and FEV

Answer 33

FVC - the amount of air expelled in one single breath FEV - the amount of air expelled in 1 second

Question 34

what is smooth muscle hypertrophy

Answer 34

this is when the smooth muscle cells are enlarged --> leading to the airway not having any space

Question 35

detail the structure of asthmatic airways

Answer 35

- epithelial damage and shedding - smooth muscle hypertrophy - increased basement membrane,, collagen in tissue

Question 36

an example of bronchoconstriction with agonist and receptor

Answer 36

acetylcholine and M3 receptor (Gq)

Question 37

an example of bronchodilation with agonist and receptor

Answer 37

noradrenaline and beta2-adrenergic receptors (Ga) - produces cAMP

Question 38

what happens in the immediate phase of an asthma attack

Answer 38

exciting agent binds to mast cells --> mcells release spasmogens and chemotaxis/kines --> spasmogens induce bronchospasm

Question 39

what happens in the late phase of an asthma attack

Answer 39

chemotaxis/kines (from IP)

Question 40

what are examples of spasmogens

Answer 40

histamine prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) ...

Question 41

what is the precursor for a variety of leukotrienes and prostaglandins

Answer 41

arachidonic acid

Question 42

what are the two ways to treat asthma

Answer 42

treat symptoms treat cause

Question 43

what is LABA

Answer 43

long acting beta2 agonist

Question 44

what is "stepped care" approach

Answer 44

the worse the symptoms the more treatment (drugs) is administered

Question 45

when is ICS administered

Answer 45

when asthma is mildly persistent or more severe

Question 46

when is LABA administered

Answer 46

when asthma is moderately persistent

Question 47

what % is inhaled from inhalers

Answer 47

10-20%

Question 48

name a selective beta2 agonist

Answer 48

albuterol

Question 49

name a LABA

Answer 49

salmeterol

Question 50

an example of a M3 receptor antagonist drug

Answer 50

Ipratropium bromide

Question 51

how is ipratropium bromide administered

Answer 51

inhaled - due to systemic effects

Question 52

how can you further increase the effects of bronchodilation

Answer 52

PDE inhibitors (theophylline)

Question 53

a drug that inhibits arachidonic acid to prevent the production of cysteinyl-leukotrienes

Answer 53

zileuton