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Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

“Good to know” Antidotes

A

Benzodiazepines = Flumazenil (Romazicon)

Beta BLockers = Glucagon

Calcium Channel Blockers = Calcium

Cyanide = Hydroxocabalamin

Opiods = Narcan

Tricyclic Antidepressants = Sodium Bicarbonate

Dystonic Reaction = Benadryl

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2
Q

Alcohol use Disorder (AUD)

A

Nutrition deficiencies: Mainly Thiamine

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3
Q

Wernicke Encephalopathy

A

Develops sudden with ataxia, nystagmus, speech disturbances, signs of neuropathy, stupor, coma

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4
Q

Korsakoff’s Psychosis

A

Mental disorder found with Wernicke Encephalopathy

Apathy, poor memory, retrograde amnesia, confabulation (story telling), dementia

Usually considered irreversible

Permanently handicapped by memory loss

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5
Q

Hypoglycemia in the Alcoholic patient

A

Administer Thiamine (100mg slow IV or IM) along with glucose

unable to metabolize glucose without adequte thiamine

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6
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver

A

Alcoholics are prone to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)

Cirrhosis is the #1 cause of esophageal varices

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7
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Swollen veins in the esophagus

Often rupture and hemorrhage

35% mortality rate with hemorrhage

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8
Q

Black Widow Spider

A

Red hour glass on back

Female = venomous

<1 hour, muscle spasms and cramps (neurotoxin) diazepam and calcium gluconate

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9
Q

Brown recluse spider

A

Fiddle-shaped

Localized pain in 1-2 hours

Bite is surrounded by an ischemic ring,outlined by a red halo may cause death

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10
Q

Poisonous snakes

A

Pit Vipers: Rattlesnake, cottonmouth or water moccasin, and copperhead

Vertical, elliptical pupils and a triangular head

Hemolysis
Intravascular coagulation
Convulsions
Acute renal failure

Management:
ABC’s, IV access, extremity: immobilize in neutral position, do not use ice packs or tourniquets

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11
Q

Pharmacology

A

The science of drugs used to prevent, diagnose, and treat

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12
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of how a drug actrs on a living organism

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13
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of how the body handles a drug over a period of time, including the process of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion

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14
Q

Affinity

A

Drug’s desire to attach to a receptor O2 vs. CO

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15
Q

Efficacy

A

Drug’s ability to create an action once it has attached itself to a receptor

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16
Q

Agonist

A

A drug with both affinity and efficacy that attaches to a receptor and causes some effect to occur

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17
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that inhibits other drugs from attaching to a given receptor site

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18
Q

Official Name

A

The name that appears in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) or the National Formulary (NF). Most often, the offical name is the same as the generic name and is not capitalized

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19
Q

Generic Name

A

Non-proprietary - furosemide

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20
Q

Trade name

A

Proprietary - Lasix

21
Q

Pharmacognosy

A

Natural drug sources of medications

22
Q

Plant sources

A

Atropine Sulfate: Atropa Belladona Plant

Morphine Sulfate: Opium Plant

Digitalis: Purple Foxglove

23
Q

Mineral Sources

A

Sodium Bicarbonate

Calcium Chloride

24
Q

Animal Sources

A

Insulin: swine and cows

Oxytocin: Swine

25
Synthetic (man-made) sources
Lidocaine (Xylocaine) Diazepam (Valium) Midazolam (Versed)
26
Medication Administration
27
Half - life of a medication
Time it takes to metabolize or eliminate half the total amount (peak concentration) of a drug in the body A drug is considered eliminated from the body after 5 half-lives have passed Example: Drug X has a half-life of 2 hours, if 50mg of the drug is given, in 2hrs there will be 25mg remaining, in another 2 hrs, there will be 12.5mg...
28
Therapeutic index
Represents the relative safety of a drug Determined by two factors: Lethal Dose 50 (LD50): dose that kills 50% of the animals the drug is given to Effective dose 50 (ED50): does that provides therapeutic effects in 50% of a given population Therapeutic index formula: LD50/ED50 The closer that ratio is to 1, the more dangerous the drug is
29
Colloids
Contain molecules (usually protein = Albumin) that rae too large to pass through the capillary membrane Blood Packed Red Blood Cells Blood plasma BloodPlasma Plasma Substitutes -> Hetastartch
30
Crystalloids
Do not contain large molecules (protein)
31
Hypertonic
Any solution that is greater than the isotonic concentration of 0.9%. Living cell is plaed in a solution that has a higher solute concentration (and a lower water concentration) that that inside the cell Water exists the cell and enters the solution, causes cell to dehydrate (crenate) and possibly die
32
Peripheral Nervous Sysgtem
Provides nearly every organ with a double set of nerve fibers
32
Hypotonic
Any solution that is less than an isotonic concentration of 0.9%. Living cell is placed in a solution that has a lower solute concentration (and a higher water concentration) than that inside the cell Too much water can enter the cell and cause it to burse (lyse)
32
Isotonic
Any solution that is equal to a concentration of 0.9%. Living cell is placed in a solution that has the same solute and water concentration as the solution inside the cell
32
Sympathetic
Adrenergic, fibers exit from the thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
32
Parasympathetic
Cholinergic, fibers exit from cranial and sacral portions of spinal cord
33
Parasympathetic nervous system
Cholinergic System Craniosacral System Function: Maintain vegetative state, normal body activity Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine Major Nerves: Vagus Nerves (X) Deactivating Enzyme: Acetlycholinesterase
34
Sympathetic nervous system
Adrenergic system Thoracolumbar System Function: "Fight or Flight", increase body system activities Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine Deactivating enzymes: Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Catechol-o-methytransferase (COMT)
35
Parasympatholytic
Blocks the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system (atropine) Lytic -> Blocks
36
Sympathomimetic
Mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine) Mimetics -> mimics
37
Two type of receptors
Alpha-Adrenergic receptors Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Beta-Adrenergic receptors Beta 1 Beta 2
38
Alpha 1 receptors
Vasoconstriction Pupillary Dilation Decreased Renin Secretion
39
Beta 1 Receptors
Inotropy - Contractions Chronotropy - HR Dromotropy - Conduction
40
Beta 2 receptors
Bronchodilation Vasodilation
41
Selective beta 2 agonist
Albuterol
42
Nonselective beta 2 agonist
Dopamine
43
Selective Beta-Blocking agent
B1 - metoprolol, atenolo
44
Non selective beta-blocking agents
Beta 1 and Beta 2 = labetalol, nadolol, propranolol

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