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Veterinary Diagnostics > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 of the most important factors in order to develop a differential list for toxicoses?

A
  1. system affect (ex. CNS, GI, Renal)
  2. Onset of clinical signs (<1d, 1-5d, >5d)
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2
Q

Fill in the following:
1 mL = ___ gram
16 oz = ___ pounds/pints
2 pints = ___ quarts
__ quarts = 1 gallon
1 fl oz = ___ mL
% = _____

A

1 mL = 1 gram
16 oz = 1 pound/pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gallon
1 fl oz = 30 mL
% = grams/100 mL

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3
Q

Insecticides (OPs, carbamates, neonicotinoids, etc.) generally target which body system?

A

nervous system

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4
Q

Insecticides (OPs, carbamates, neonicotinoids, etc.) increase the action at _____ receptors.

A

acetylcholine

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5
Q

What diagnostic test can you perform to confirm/deny a OP or carbamate toxicosis?
(this if a form of early diagnosis)

A

low, pre-anesthetic dose of ATROPINE
if the eyes dilate, HR increase, &/or salivation stops within 5-10 min, then the patient does NOT have OP or carbamate toxicosis

if no changes occur, give antidotal dose of ATROPINE

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6
Q

What is the confirmatory diagnostic for OP and carbamate toxicosis?

A

Measure acetylcholinesterase activity of heparinized whole blood and/or brain tissue
>70% reduction in activity is diagnostic

you could also do analysis of bait residues, stomach contents, and urine for OP or carbamate.

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7
Q

What is the treatment for OP or carbamate toxicosis?

A

ATROPINE – muscarinic receptor antagonist (parasympatholytic)
+ 2-PAM

careful not to overdose and get atropine toxicosis

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8
Q

T/F: there is no antidote for bromethalin toxicity

A

true – this rodenticide targets the CNS. there is not an antidote, so treatment is to decontaminate.

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9
Q

Vitamin K antagonist rodenticide toxicity targets which body system?

A

hematopoietic system

they are treated with vitamin K

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10
Q

Cholecalciferol rodenticides target which body system?

A

kidneys

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11
Q

strychnine targets which body system?

A

CNS

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12
Q

T/F: lead toxicosis has multi-systemic effects (CNS, GI, kidney)

A

true

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13
Q

what body system does sodium toxicity effect?

A

nervous system (from water deficiency)

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14
Q

What body system does zinc toxicosis effect?

A

hematopoitic

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15
Q

What body system does arsenic toxicosis effect?

A

GI

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16
Q

what body system(s) does iron toxicosis effect?

A

GI and liver

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17
Q

what body system is affected by selenium deficiency?

A

muscle

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18
Q

what body system does aflatoxin affect?

A

aflatoxin is found in corn mainly in hot, dry seasons
GI (liver)

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19
Q

what body system is affected by zealenone and vomitoxin?

A

vomitotoxin is found in small grains during cool, wet seasons – affects GI
zealenone co-exists with vomitoxin and affects the reproductive system

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20
Q

what body system is affected by penitrem A?

A

penitrem A is found in rotting dairy products and/or garbage.
it affects the nervous system

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21
Q

what body system does roquefortine affect?

A

found in rotting compost/garbage
affects the nervous system

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22
Q

what body system does fumonisin affect?

A

found in mold corn
affects the nervous system

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23
Q

The ______ makes the poison

A

dose

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24
Q

Bulbs (daffodils, tulips, irises, hyacinths, etc.) are not usually lethal but contain irritant resins, alkaloids, and/or insoluble calcium oxalate. What body system in affected by ingestion?

A

GI – salivation, vomiting, diarrhea within 1 hr of consuming

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25
Q

what is the tx for bulb toxicosis?

A

decontamination, activated charcoal, cerenia, symptomatic txs

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26
Q

what is the toxic component of Narcissus (daffodils, narcissus, lent lily) that cause GI (vomiting, diarrhea) and skin issues (dermatitis)?

A

alkaloids, insoluble oxalate crystals

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27
Q

T/F: onions are toxic in all forms (raw, cooked, dehydrated, or powder)

A

true
the toxic dose is 0.5% of body weight

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28
Q

what is the mechanism of toxicity for onions?

A

cause oxidative damage to RBCs and lead to RBC lysis

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29
Q

what is the tx for onion toxicosis?

A

decontamination
symptomatic

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30
Q

T/F: mistletoe, holly berries, and poinsettias all affect the GI system

A

true
they cause anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
christmas trees can have liver, kidney, and CNS involvement too (can see icterus)

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31
Q

what is the tx for christmas plant toxicosis?

A

symptomatic (fluids, antiemetic, demulcents)

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32
Q

T/F: christmas cactus is extremely neprhotoxic to pets

A

false – not generally toxic to pets, but may cause mild GI upset.

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33
Q

What 2 things are MORE toxic to cats?

A

onions
pine

34
Q

what are the toxic components in the various cardiotoxic plants (christmas kalanchoe, foxglove, lilly of the valley, common oleander, yellow oleander)?

A

cardioactive steroids (Digoxin and oleandrin, plus others)
the mechanism is inhibition of Na/K/ATPase pumps –> impaired conduction, bradycardia, dysarrythmias

35
Q

how do you diagnose patients with cardiotoxic plant toxicity?

A

they will have GI and cardiac signs
- clin path = hyperkalemia
- ECG abnormalities – various arrhythmias, AV block, brdycardia, etc.
- hypersalivation, v/d, etc.

death usually occurs from asystole and VFIB

36
Q

what is the tx for cardiotoxic plant ingestion?

A
  • aggressive decontamination
  • activated charcoal (multi. doses)
  • atropine or glycopyrrolate (increase HR)
  • lidocaine (for arrhythmias)
  • +/- beta blockers (propanolol, esmolol)
  • Digoxin-specific Fab fragments ($$$)
37
Q

what are 2 cardiotoxic plants that cause hyperkalemia and ECG abnormalities predominately in horses and cattle from contaminated hay?

A

Dogbane
Broadleaf milkweed

38
Q

what is the primary toxic principle in tobacco causing nervous system and GI effects, as well as indirect cardiotoxicity?

A

nicotine (alkaloid)
it is toxic at 1 mg/kg

39
Q

how do you treat tobacco toxicity?

A

remove residual tobacco
assist respiration
stabilize heart and BP

40
Q

What is the toxic principle in Yew?

A

taxine alkaloids
they cause bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest with a FAST onset. they can cause sudden death.

41
Q

How do you diagnose yew toxicity?

A
  • taxine in stomach contents
  • sudden death
  • wide QRS
42
Q

what is the tx of yew toxicity?

A
  1. atropine
  2. activated charcoal
  3. saline cathartic

prognosis is guarded.

43
Q

What is the toxic principle in Rhododendron, azaleas, and Mt. Laurel?

A

grayanotoxins

which cause heart arrythmias and vomiting/regurg, seizures, and death due to arrhythmias

44
Q

how do you treat rhododendron, azalea, or mt laurel toxicity?

A
  1. stop vomiting with acepromazine
  2. give activated charcoal and saline cathartic
  3. treat arrythmias (lidocaine if tachycardia, atropine if bradycardia)
45
Q

T/F: ingestion of shrubs can cause cardiac arrest

A

true

46
Q

T/F: vomiting is most likely to occur with yew ingestion than rhododendron

A

false – rhododendron

47
Q

what is the toxic principle of buckeye?

A

Aesculin
causes ataxia, muscle tremors, and goose-stepping

48
Q

how do you treat buckeye toxicity?

A
  1. sedate so they dont traumatize themselves
49
Q

What will be the result of a horse ingesting shavings of heartwood bedding (black walnut)?

A

constriction of blood vessels in hoof wall –> acute laminitis, +/- colic

50
Q

how do you treat black walnut toxicosis?

A
  1. remove shavings, wash legs
  2. activated charcoal, cathartic, mineral oil
  3. acepromazine, DMSO
  4. prazosin (to vasodilate)
  5. pain meds
  6. soft bedding for support
51
Q

T/F: acorns from all Quercus spp. (oak) are considered toxic

A

true
(white oaks, black oaks, red oaks, western shrub oak)
although they’d need to eat ~50% of their diet.

52
Q

what is the toxic principle of oak?

A

gallotannin
gallic acid and its metabolite (pyrogallol) are astringents

clinical signs are ventral edema, dyspnea, severe dehydration, blacl/tarry/fetid diarrhea, colic.

53
Q

what is the ultimate result of oak toxicosis?

A

renal failure
will find increased BUN/creatinine, decreased Na, Cl, Ca, +/- K, and increased Mg.
there will also be perirenal edema.

54
Q

what is the tx for oak toxicosis?

A
  1. fluids and electrolytes
  2. rumenatorics (restore rumen with vit B), transfaunation, prop glycol
  3. 10% calcium hydroxide
55
Q

why can feeding high proline diets serve as a preventative measure for oak toxicosis?

A

high proline foods bind tannins in the gut

56
Q

what is teh biggest differential for oak toxicosis?

A

redroot pigweed
which also causes perirenal edema

57
Q

what is the toxic principle of red, sugar, and silver maples?

A

aceritannin

causes hemolysis and MetHb formation

58
Q

which species is MOST sensitive to maple toxicity?

A

equine

59
Q

what 3 body systems are affected by maple toxicity?

A

RBCs – hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, heinz body anemia, cyanosis
Hepatic – icterus
Renal – tubular nephrosis

60
Q

How do you tx maple toxicity?

A
  1. activated charcoal and saline cathartic
  2. blood transfusion if hypoxic
  3. absorbic acid to reduce MetHb
  4. fluids and pain meds (no steroids)
61
Q

what are 3 important cyanogenic plant sources?

A
  1. wild black cherry
  2. chokecherry
  3. sorghum (johnson grass, sudan grass, etc.)
62
Q

T/F: the wilting stage of plants that contain cyanide are considered to be the most hazardous

A

true

63
Q

Which species are most affected by cyanide toxicity?

A

ruminants – especially goats

64
Q

what is the mechanism of action for cyanide toxicity?

A

cyanide binds
cells become unable to utilize oxygen
cells suffer from anoxia even though they have oxygen

blood is cherry red (superoxygenated)

65
Q

what are the most common clinical signs of cyanide toxicosis?

A
  • bright red MM
  • sudden death
  • bitter almond/bleach smell to rumen
66
Q

how do you tx cyanide toxicity?

A
  1. thiosulfate
  2. nitrite (creates methemoglobinemia)
  3. hydroxocobalamin (vitB12)
67
Q

The key differentiating factor between nitrate toxicity and cyanide toxicity is the color of the blood – nitrate = brown blood, cyanide = bright red.
Why is it so important to distinguish between the two toxicities?

A

treatment!
for cyanide toxicity, we give nitrite which creates methemoglobinemia. We would NOT want to do that in a case of nitrate toxicity because methemoglobinemia is already present.

68
Q

From the following, which is MOST liekly to cause sudden death
A. buckeye
B. oak
C. maple
D. black walnut
E. wild cherry

A

E. wild cherry

69
Q

From the following, which is/are of special concern in horses?
A. buckeye
B. oak
C. maple
D. black walnut
E. wild cherry

A

c. maple
d. black walnut

70
Q

From the following, which causes non-lethal neurotoxicity?
A. buckeye
B. oak
C. maple
D. black walnut
E. wild cherry

A

a. buckeye

71
Q

Risk for toxicity = hazard + _______

A

exposure

72
Q

Why must you ensure you do not discard, modify, or give samples away in a toxicity case?

A

chain of custody

73
Q

T/F: toxicology testing helps shorten your differential list but is NOT a method of establishing a differential list.

A

true

74
Q

T/F: when storing samples ofr toxicology testing, they should NOT be stored in the same container or pooled.

A

true

75
Q

what tube top color will cause false elevation of zinc due to exposure to rubber?

A

royal blue

76
Q

what samples can be taken for ante-mortem toxicology testing?

A

whole blood
serum
plasma
urine
feces
vomit
stomach contents (from lavage)

77
Q

which samples should always be taken from dead animals for toxicology testing?

A

brain
liver
kidney
urine
GI contents

78
Q

What treats topical pyethroid insecticide toxicosis?

A

dermal decontamination

79
Q

what is the goal of decontamination?

A

prevent further absorption of the toxin

this can be done by emetics, activated charcoal, washing/dilution/ion trapping, etc.

80
Q

what are the 4 emetics used for decontamination?

A
  1. hydrogen peroxide 3%
  2. Apomorphine (opioid and D2 agonist; dogs)
  3. Ropinirole (Clevor eye drops)
  4. Xylazine (Alpha-2 agonsit; cats)
81
Q

what is an adverse effect of using activated charcoal (an adsorbent)?

A

hypernatremia

Veterinary Diagnostics (9 decks)

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