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Veterinary Diagnostics > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

When is empirical therapy indicated?

A

when high level of efficacy for proven treatments (uncomplicated cystitis, pyoderma, cat bite abscesses, kennel cough)
when waiting for c/s results
when client cannot afford c/s

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2
Q

What 3 criteria should you base empirical treatment on?

A
  1. likely bacteria to cause the present dz
  2. likely antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the present bacteria
  3. other factors – site of infection, cost of antibiotic, ease of administration, etc.
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3
Q

T/F: you should always get a definitive diagnosis in practice

A

false – only required if it wil change your disease control recommendations or prognosis for the patient.

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4
Q

when is definitive diagnosis required? (6 indications)

A
  1. animal is significantly compromised
  2. suspected infection is in a difficult-to-treat site or has serious consequences (bone, joint, brain, etc.)
  3. suspected bacteria do not have predictable susceptibility
  4. poor response to previous therapy
  5. outbreak of disease and concern for contagion
  6. suspected disease is notifiable
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5
Q

why are swabs not the best diagnostic sampling method?

A
  1. often do not collect enough material – atleast do 2
  2. bacteria can adhere to them and dry out or not transfer to culture media
  3. bacteria are exposed to air, so obligate anaerobes would die
  4. sometimes people collect from sites they shouldnt (ie draining tracts)
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6
Q

what is the only diagnostic test indication for dry swabs?

A

PCR ONLY
never bacteriology because the bacteria dry out.

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7
Q

For what locations are swabs acceptable?

A
  1. Mucous membranes
  2. ears
  3. uterine
  4. conjunctiva
  5. cornea
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8
Q

what are the components of the 4-point rule for interpretation of samples collected from sterile sites?

A
  1. was the sample collected correctly?
  2. is inflammation present
  3. are there organisms present?
  4. can those organisms cause the present disease?
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9
Q

what are the 2 rules for interpreting samples collected from sites with normal flora?

A
  1. If the organisms are a part of the NF, are they in excess #?
  2. if the organisms are not a part of the NF, can they cause the current disease?
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10
Q

T/F: cytological results can provide a presumptive diagnosis in some cases.

A

true

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11
Q

what organism is often diagnosed by cytology alone?

A

fungi (exs. blasto and malessezia)

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12
Q

T/F: you can send off samples for c/s that you collected from a draining tract because there may be a joint infection and it is imperative you determine the pathogen and treat quickly.

A

false do NOT collect samples for c/s from draining tracts. if a joint infection is suspected, it is recommended that you collect from the area of true infection.

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13
Q

how do you collect a sample from a tendon sheath?

A

sterile prep of the area
then ultrasound-guided FNA

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14
Q

T/F: FNA is a preferred technique for all samples.

A

true
its an easy technique, cheap, and you get more material.
the only downside is that bacteria dont live in them forever, especially anaerobes.

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15
Q

what type of container are you going to put an FNA sample in to transport it to the lab?

A

sterile container and slides

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16
Q

what 3 things can you determine with an FNA aspirate that could give you information about the presence/absence of inflammation and/or infection?

A
  1. protein
  2. cell count estimate (TNCC)
  3. types of cells
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17
Q

what 3 things on cytology are suggestive of bacterial ifnection?

A
  1. PMNs
  2. bacterial cells (extracellular or intracellular)
  3. toxic changes
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18
Q

How does your diagnostic test choice change between a case of superficial pyoderma versus deep pyoderma?

A

superificial can tested using sticky tape test or swabbed because this is NOT a sterile area. It can also be treated empirically because of this.

deep pyoderma requires biopsy

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19
Q

what diagnostic test is best to diagnose deep pyoderma?

A

punch biopsy
clean skin, take punch biopsy, remove top layer of skin with sterile scalpel blade, send bottom layer for culture and biopsy.

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20
Q

what are the major “pros” to biopsy/surgical samples?

A
  1. may be needed to bypass normal flora (draining tracts)
  2. bacteria survive longer in tissues
  3. tissues can represent the entire pathological process.
21
Q

what are the major “cons” to biopsy/surgical samples?

A
  • invasive (sedation or anesthesia)
  • expensive
  • if long delay, you must add transport media or use transport vials
22
Q

what type of samples would you collect in a calf that is systemically affected (fever, high RR and HR) and has diarrhea?

A
  1. blood culture for PCR
  2. fecal culture or PCR
23
Q

why is a free-catch feces sample for culture an appropriate diagnostic for a calf with diarrhea?

A

free catch samples are cheap and easy to obtain
you can get contamination, but if you suspect pathogens causing disease that would NOT be a part of the normal flora (such as salmonella), then it is an ideal test.
This goes for urine as well.

24
Q

should blood be clotted for cultures?

A

no. so do not use purple tops because they contain EDTA.

25
Q

do you expect low or high #s of bacteria circulating in the blood?

A

LOW

this is why we let blood intended for bacterial culture to sit at room temp so that the bacteria will hopefully proliferate and be easier to identify.

26
Q

how many blood samples should you take for blood culture?

A

2

27
Q

when is the BEST time/condition to take blood samples for blood culture?

A

when the animal has a fever

28
Q

how do you ship blood samples for blood culture?

A
  • do NOT put them in the fridge, we want the small #s o bacteria to proliferate at room temp.
  • get it there overnight!
29
Q

what are the 3 major problems with sample transportation?

A
  1. sample drying
  2. exposure to noxious atmosphere
  3. excess time delays
30
Q

what are the 4 samples that are NOT to be kept at 4 degrees C during transportation?

A
  • dermatophytes
  • blood cultures
  • CSF
  • joint fluid
31
Q

what is the purpose of transport media?

A
  • keeps sample moist
  • stops multiplication
  • allows survival
32
Q

what is the appropriate transport media for the following samples? (looking for names of them)
A. culturette swabs
B. feces
C. fluids

A

A. culturette swabs – Stuarts, Amies
B. feces – Cary Blair (salmonella only)
C. fluids –blood culture media or Port-A-Cul vial

33
Q

is the horizontal canal of the ear a sterile site?

A

no but there are fewer normal organisms here.

34
Q

T/F: if your culture results show a mixed infection, the primary cause of disease present is likely the organism with the highest amount of growth.

A

true

35
Q

what are 4 ways you can make a specific diagnosis of a bacterial infection?

A
  1. collect sample and perform c/s
  2. detect specific antibody (serology)
  3. detect specific antigen
  4. detect DNA (PCR, etc.)
36
Q

when is the BEST time to collect samples for bacteriology?

A
  • acute stages of infection
  • BEFORE antibiotic admin or 2-5d after last admin
  • if animal is dead, collect within 4hr of death or will get post-mortem overgrowth
37
Q

T/F: a draining tract is NOT the site of infection

A

true

and therefore should NOT be sampled.

38
Q

what are normal flora of the skin?

A

predominatlely gram + bacteria and yeasts
and they are located on the surface, not the superficial layer (epidermis) or deep layer (dermis)

39
Q

T/F: sticky tape test is an appropriate sample to diagnose a surface pyoderma

A

true because this is NOT a sterile site, so a sterile technique is not needed.
Sticky tape impressions are good for cytology.

40
Q

What sample method is BEST for a patient that has intact pustules and is suspected to have superifical pyoderma (involving the epidermis)?

A

FNA
intact pustules are considered sterile sites, so you want to use a sterile technique. Clean the skin with alcohol and allow it to dry, open the pustule with a needle and use a swab to collect the pus.
place it into transport media and send to lab.

41
Q

what is the BEST sampling method for a patient who is suspected to have a DEEP pyoderma (involving the dermis)?

A

FNA or biopsy
because these are technically sterile sites.

42
Q

Which part of the ear is considered completely sterile and therefore only sterile sampling techniques should be used?

A

tympanic membrane

the vertical and horizontal canals have fewer NF than the pinna does, but they are still not sterile. When collecting samples from these canals, use an otoscope and sample the horizontal canal through the otoscope with a swab.

43
Q

When sampling animals for suspected mastitis, how should you collect the samples and why?

A

the only normally sterile areas of the mammary gland are the mammary tissue and the teat cistern. The skin on the outside of the mammary gland and the streak/teat canal both have NF.
Therefore, when collecting samples to diagnose mastitis, you should clean the teats, use alcohol on the teat ends + streak canal, strip out a few streams of milk, and then collect sample.
This will help you avoid NF.

44
Q

Where are the NF of the respiratory tract located?

A

cranial to the larynx (URT) this includes gram + and gram -

everything caudal to the larynx (including the trachea) is considered sterile

45
Q

What are the BEST ways to sample from the STERILE lower respiratory tract?

A
  1. tracheal aspirate (guarded/transtracheal) – horses with pneumonia
  2. thoracocentesis (FNA) – all species with pleuropneumonia or pleuritis
46
Q

Where are the STERILE areas of the urinary tract?

A

proximal urethra and bladder

everything distal to the urethra contains NF (mix of gram + and gram -)

47
Q

What sample techniques could you use if you suspect a urinary tract infection?

A
  1. free catch (mid-stream) (def not sterile, most contaminated)
  2. catheterization (not sterile)
  3. cystocentesis (sterile)
48
Q

What areas of the genital tract are considered STERILE?

A
  1. uterus anterior to cervix

everything in vagina and posterior to cervix has NF (mix of gram + and gram -)

49
Q

what are the sample collection techinques used for uterine infections?

A
  1. guarded swabs (endometritis)
  2. FNA of surgical samples (pyometra)
  3. swab of anterior vagina (pyometra)

Veterinary Diagnostics (9 decks)

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