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MODULE 4 - Infectious Agents > TOXICOLOGY > Flashcards

TOXICOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the lethal dose (LD50)

A

The dose that would kill 50% of the test population

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2
Q

Define the effective dose (ED50)

A

The dose that would benefit 50% of the test population

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3
Q

Define the therapeutic index (TI)

A

The ratio between the LD50 and the ED50 (LD50/ED50)

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4
Q

What are the five main routes of intoxication?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Cutaneous
  • Inhalation
  • Injection
  • Ocular
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5
Q

What does VPIS stand for?

A

Veterinary poison information service

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6
Q

What is the overall role of the VPIS?

A

To provide advice on poisons and treatments

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7
Q

What are the eight components found in a ToxBox?

A

Activated charcoal
Apomorphine
European viper serum
Fresh frozen plasma
Methocarbamol
Acetylcysteine
Vitamin K1
Intralipid 20%

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8
Q

How would you treat a poisoned animal?

A
  • Stabilise heart rate, breathing and temperature
  • Gather info from owner
  • Prevent continued absorption of the poison
  • Give antidote if available
  • Give symptomatic and supportive care
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9
Q

List five methods of preventing continued poison absorption

A

Wash
Gastric evacuation
Gastric lavage
Absorbant
Elimination

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10
Q

List three drugs used to induce gastric evacuation (vomiting)

A

3% Hydrogen peroxide
Xylazine (cats)
Apomorphine (dogs)

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11
Q

When might you not want to induce gastric evacuation (vomiting) in an animal?

A
  • Seizures due to risk of aspiration
  • Depression/coma
  • Loss of gag reflex
  • Hypoxia
  • Species unable to vomit
  • Ingestion of corrosive/acidic substances as this will cause damage to the oesophagus on the way back up
  • Recent abdominal surgery/hernia
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12
Q

Within how many hours after poison ingestion would it still be effective to induce gastric evacuation?

A

Within two hours of ingestion

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13
Q

Describe briefly a gastric lavage procedure

A
  1. Put the animal under a light anaesthesia
  2. Place a cuffed endotracheal tube (to prevent water/normal saline entering the lungs)
  3. Infuse tepid water/normal saline into the stomach via the endotracheal tube
  4. Use gravity flow to aspirate
  5. Repeat until the stomach is clear
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14
Q

What does activated charcoal do in the case of ingested poisons?

A

Absorbs the poison itself to prevent further tissue absorption

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15
Q

What do chelating agents do?

A

Bind non-specifically to metal ions

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16
Q

What is the function of cathartics?

A

To speed up gut movement via pulling water into the gut - diluting the poison as well as increasing gut movement

17
Q

What is the toxic component of chocolate?

A

Theobromine

18
Q

What are the clinical signs of chocolate poisoning?

A

Vomiting
Excitability
Ataxia
Tachycardia

19
Q

What are the treatment methods for chocolate poisoning?

A

Decontamination
Symptomatic treatment

20
Q

What are four of the toxins that have specific antidotes?

A

Anticoagulant rodenticides
Ethylene glycol
Psychoactive drugs
Paracetamol

21
Q

What are the clinical signs of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?

A

Depression
Anorexia
Vascular collapse
Internal/external haemorrhage

22
Q

How would you diagnose anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?

A

Prolonged clotting time
Urinalysis: haematuria
Post mortem: haemorrhage

23
Q

What can be used to treat anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?

A

Vitamin K1

24
Q

What are the early clinical signs (1-2 hrs) of ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

Weakness
Vomiting
Un-coordination

25
Q

What are the delayed clinical signs (24-96 hrs) of ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

Polydipsia
Anuria
Haematuria
Death

26
Q

What can be used to treat ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

Ethanol (20% ethanol via IV)

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of psychoactive drug poisoning?

A

Rapid CNS signs dependent on psychoactive agent

28
Q

What is the treatment for psychoactive drug poisoning?

A

Decontamination
Symptomatic treatment
Specific antidote (if aware of which specific drug was ingested)

29
Q

What is the enzyme missing from some animals making them susceptible to paracetamol poisoning?

A

Glucoronyl transferase

30
Q

How does the glucoronyl transferase enzyme prevent paracetamol toxicity?

A

Glucoronyl transferase metabolises the toxic intermediate of paracetamol metabolism - N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone - which oxidises haemoglobin into methaemoglobin

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of paracetamol poisoning?

A

Facial/pulmonary oedema
Cyanosis
Haemolysis
Jaundice

32
Q

What treatment is used for paracetamol poisoning?

A

Acetlycysteine
Vitamin C
Methylene blue

MODULE 4 - Infectious Agents (20 decks)

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