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MODULE 4 - Infectious Agents > PHARMACOLOGY - Gastrointestinal Pharmacology > Flashcards

PHARMACOLOGY - Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main areas in the brain which control vomiting?

A

Chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting centre

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2
Q

What is the receptor located within the ‘vomiting centre’ of the central nervous system essential for inducing emesis?

A

Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1)

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3
Q

What are the two most common emetic drugs used in veterinary medicine?

A

Xylazine and Apomorphine

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4
Q

What are the four main anti-emetic drug types used in veterinary medicine?

A
  • Phenothiazines
  • Metoclopramide
  • Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) Antagonists
  • 5HT3 Antagonists
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5
Q

What can Phenothiazine drugs be used for other than as antiemetics?

A

Phenothiazines can also be used as sedatives

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6
Q

How do Phenothiazines act as broad spectrum antiemetics?

A

Phenothiazines act as D2 (dopamine receptor) antagonists in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. This prevents stimulation of these dopamine receptors and thus prevents nausea and vomiting

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7
Q

How do Phenothiazines act as sedatives?

A

Phenothiazines are weak cholinergic (muscarinic 1 (M1) receptor) antagonists

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8
Q

How should Phenothiazines be administered?

A

Oral administration

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9
Q

What are some of the potential side affects of Phenothiazines?

A

Hypotension
Bradycardia
Sedation

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10
Q

What can Metoclopramide drugs be used for other than as antiemetics?

A

Metoclopramides can also be prokinetics (speed up gastric motility)

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11
Q

How do Metoclopramides act as antiemetics?

A

Metoclopramides act as D2 (dopamine receptor) antagonists in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. This prevents stimulation of these dopamine receptors and thus prevents nausea and vomiting

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12
Q

How should Metoclopramides be administered?

A

Oral, subcutaneous, intra-muscular or slow intravenous administration

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13
Q

What are some of the potential side effects of Metoclopramides?

A

Movement disorders
Fatigue

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14
Q

How do Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) Antagonists act as broad spectrum antiemetics?

A

Neurokinin (NK-1) Antagonists are NK-1 receptor antagonists in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and thus inhibit nausea and vomiting

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15
Q

How should Neurokinin (NK-1) Antagonists be administered?

A

Oral or subcutaneous administration

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16
Q

What are some of the potential side effects of Neurokinin (NK-1) Antagonists?

A

Hypersalivisation
Diarrhoea

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17
Q

Why are 5HT3 Antagonists only used when Metoclopramide is ineffective?

A

Because 5HT3 Antagonists are so expensive

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18
Q

How do 5HT3 Antagonists act as antiemetics?

A

5HT3 Antagonists are antagonists of 5HT3 receptors which are essential for vomiting, thus inhibiting this action

19
Q

What are some of the potential side effects of 5HT3 Antagonists?

A

These drugs are well tolerated and have very few side effects

20
Q

What are the five main drug types used to prevent and/or treat gastric ulceration?

A
  • Antacids
  • H2 receptor antagonists
  • Proton pump inhibitors
  • Prostaglandin (PGE2) analogues
  • Sucralfate
21
Q

What are some drugs that can actually cause gastric ulceration?

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and steroid drugs

22
Q

How do antacids regulate gastric secretion?

A

Antacids chemically neutralise gastric HCl and inhibit pepsin secretion

23
Q

What is a downside to using antacids to treat gastric ulcers?

A

Antacids can cause rebound acid secretion where the neutralisation of the pH caused by the Antacids actually stimulates more acid production in the stomach which can lead to impaired absorption of other drugs

24
Q

What can H2 receptor antagonists be used to treat other than gastric ulceration?

A

Gastritis
Oesophagitis

25
Q

How do H2 receptor antagonists regulate gastric secretion?

A

H2 receptor antagonists are competitive antagonists for the H2 receptors in parietal cells, inhibiting the production of gastric HCl

26
Q

What is the most commonly used Proton-pump inhibitor drug?

A

Omeprazole

27
Q

What can Proton-pump inhibitors be used to treat and prevent other than gastric ulcers?

A

Gastritis
Oesophagitis

28
Q

Which drug classes can be used to treat gastric ulcers caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)?

A

Proton-pump inhibitors
Prostaglandin (PGE2) analogues

29
Q

How do Proton-pump inhibitors regulate gastric secretion?

A

Proton-pump inhibitors inhibit the action of H+/K+ ATPase pumps present on the membrane of parietal cells

30
Q

Why do Proton-pump inhibitors accumulate in parietal cells?

A

Proton-pump inhibitors are weak bases. This weak base enables Proton-pump inhibitors to accumulate in the acidic space of the secretory region of parietal cells

31
Q

How do Prostaglandin (PGE2) analogues regulate gastric secretion?

A

Prostaglandin (PGE2) analogues are more stable versions of prostaglandin and act as prostaglandin receptor agonists, inhibiting gastric secretion

32
Q

What are some of the potential side effects of Prostaglandin (PGE2) analogues?

A

Diarrhoea

33
Q

(T/F) Prostaglandin (PGE2) analogues can be used in breeding and pregnant animals

A

FALSE. Prostaglandin (PGE2) analogues can cause abortion so should not be used in breeding or pregnant animals

34
Q

What can Sucralfates be used to treat other than gastric ulcers?

A

Duodenal ulcers

35
Q

How do Sucralfates regulate gastric secretion?

A

Sucralfates trigger a polymerisation reaction creating a viscous gel at a low pH, which binds to exposed proteins i.e. ulcerated tissue to allow the tissue to heal

36
Q

What are some of the potential side affects of Sucralfates?

A

With long term use, Sucralfates can cause constipation

37
Q

What are the four commonly used anti-diarrhoeal agents used in veterinary medicine?

A
  • Anticholinergics
  • Opioids
  • Absorbents
  • Aminosalicylates
38
Q

Which drug is good to use to treat the gut spasms associated with colic?

A

Anticholinergics

39
Q

How do opioids work to treat acute diarrhoea?

A

Opioids inhibit acetylcholine release in the myenteric plexus

40
Q

How do absorbents work to treat acute diarrhoea?

A

Absorbents form a protective coating on the inflamed gut mucosa

41
Q

Which disease is Aminosalicylates most commonly used to treat?

A

Chronic irritable bowel syndrome (IBD)/chronic colitis

42
Q

How do Aminosalicylates work to manage Chronic irritable bowel syndrome (IBD)/chronic colitis?

A

Aminosalicylates are cleaved into sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid by bacteria in the colon. 5-aminosalicylic acids have anti-inflammatory effects which can be used to manage these chronic diseases

43
Q

What can be used to stimulate gut action?

A

Laxatives and cathartics

MODULE 4 - Infectious Agents (20 decks)

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