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Medical Emergencies Medications > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Bioavailability

A

Percentage of unchanged substance present in the systemic circulation

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2
Q

Half-life

A

Amount of time needed for the average person to use about 50% of the drug

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3
Q

Toxidrome

A

The symptoms of a class or group of similar poisonous agents are termed a toxic syndrome, or a toxidrome

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4
Q

Narcotic (Opiate and Opiod)

A 
Morphine
Codeine
Heroin
Methadone
Opium
Morphine
Hydromorphone
Fentanyl
Oxycodone and aspirin combination
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5
Q

Signs and symptoms of narcotic overdose

A

Hypoventilation, respiratory arrest, constricted (pinpoint) pupils, bradycardia, hypotension, track marks, drowsiness, stupor, coma

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6
Q

Sympathomimetic drug examples

A 
Pseudoephedrine
phenylephrine
phenylpropanolamine
amphetamine
methamphetamine
cocaine 
caffeine
nasal decongestants
synthetic cathinones (bath salts)
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7
Q

Sympathomimetic signs and symptoms

A 
Hypertension
diaphoresis
tachycardia
dilated pupils (mydroases)
agitation
seizures
hyperthermia
paranoia
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8
Q

Sedative hypnotic drug examples

A 
Phenobarbital
secobarbital
diazepam
thiopental
midazolam
loazepam
propofol
ethanol
flunitrazepam
zolpidem
tartrate
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9
Q

Sedative hypnotic signs and symptoms

A 
Hypoventilation
respiratory arrest
drowsiness
disinhibition 
ataxia
slurred speech
mental confusion
respiratory depression
progressive CNS depression
hypotension
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10
Q

Cholinergic drug examples

A 
Organophosphates
Acephate
diazinon
malathion
parathion
sarin
tabun
v-agent
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11
Q

Cholinergic signs and symptoms

A

DUMBELS

Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bradycardia/bronchospasm/bronchorrhea 
Emesis
Lacrimation
Seizures
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12
Q

Anticholinergic drug examples

A 
Atropine
scopolamine
antihistamines
diphenhydraminw
chlorpheniramine
tricylic antidepressants
antipsychotics
jimson weed
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13
Q

Anticholinergic signs and symyoms

A 
Agitation, dry mucos membranes, flushed skin
hyperthermia
tachycardia
dilated pupils
blurred vision
mild hallucinations
dramatic delirum
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14
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - Odor - Bitter almonds

A

cyanide

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15
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - Odor - garlic

A

arsenic
organophosphates
phosphorus

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16
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - Odor - acetone

A

methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol
aspirin
acetone
diabetes

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17
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - Odor - wintergreen

A

Mathyl silicylate

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18
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - Odor - pears

A

cholral hydrate

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19
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - Odor - violates

A

turpentine

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20
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - Pupils - constricted

A 
Narcotics
organophosphates
cimson weed
nutmeg
propoxyphene
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21
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - Pupils - dilated

A 
barbituates
atropine
amphetamine
glutethimide
LSD
cyanide
CO
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22
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - Mouth - salivation

A 
Organophosphates
arsenic
strychnine
murcury
salicylates
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23
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - mouth - dry

A

atropine
amphetamines
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
narcotics

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24
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - mouth - burns

A 
formaldehyde
iodine
lye
toxic plants
phenols 
pine oil
silver nitrate
acids
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25
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - skin - pruritus

A

jimson weed
belladonna
boric acid

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26
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - skin - dry/hot

A

atropine
botulism
nutmeg

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27
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - skin - sweating

A 
Organophosphate
arsenic
aspirin
amphetamines
barbituates
muchrooms
naphthalene
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28
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - respiratory - depressed

A 
narcotics
alcohol
propoxyphene
CO
barbituates
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29
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - respiratory - increased

A 
aspirin
amphetamines
boric acid
cyanide
karosene
methyl alcohol
nicotine
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30
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - respiratory - pulmonary edema

A

organophosphates
petrolium products
narcotics
CO

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31
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - cardiovascular - tachycardia

A 
alcohol 
amphetamines
arsenic
atropine
aaspirin
cocaine
some antiasthma drugs
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32
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - cardiovascular - bradycardia

A 
Digitalis
gasoline
nicotine
muchrooms
narcoics
cyanide
misletoe 
rhododendron
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33
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - cardiovascular - hypertension

A

amphetamines
lead
nicotine
antiasthma drugs

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34
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - cardiovascular - hypotension

A 
barbituates
narcotics
tranquilizers
house plants
misletoe
nitro
antifreeze
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35
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - CNS - seizures

A 
amphetamines
camphor
cocaine
strychnine
arcenic
co
petrolium products
scorpion sting
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36
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - CNS - coma

A

all depressant drugs (narcotics, barbituates, tranquilizers, alcohol)
co
cyanide

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37
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - CNS - hallucinations

A 
atropine
lsd
mushrooms
organic solvents
pcp
nutmet
co
alcohol
disulfiram (antabuse)
38
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - CNS - headache

A 
organophosphates
co
amphetamine
tranquilizers
poisions
39
Q

Common signs and symptoms of poisoning - CNS - tremors

A 
organophosphates
botulism
eel
hemlock
puffer fish
pine oil
rhodedendron
40
Q

Alcoholism

A

A disorder characterized by a physical and psychological addiction to ethanol

41
Q

Amphetamines

A

A class fo drugs that increase alertness and excitation (stimulants)

Inclides methamphetamines (crank or ice)

Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA, Adam)

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Eve, Ecstacy)

42
Q

antagoinst

A

A molecule that blocks the ability of a given chemical to bind to its receptor preventing a biological response

43
Q

Barbituate

A

Potent sedative used as a sleep aid, antianxiety, seizure control

Includes thiopental (Pentothal, Trapanal)

Methohexital (Brevital)

44
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

A sedative-hypnotic

Provides muscle relaxation and mild sedation

Treats anxiety, seizures, and alcohol withdrawal

Drugs include diazepam (Valium) and midazolam (Verset)

45
Q

Caladium

A

A common household plant that contains calcium oxalate crystals

Ingestion leads to nausea, vomiting, and poopy

46
Q

Castor beans

A

A seed that contains the poision ricin

causes a variety of toxic effects, burning of the mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, poopy, severe stomach pains, prostration (laying on the ground), failing vision, kidney failure usually leading to death

47
Q

caustic

A

Chemicals that are acids or alkalis

causes direct chemical injury to the tissues they contact

48
Q

Chemical suicide

A

A method of suicide involving mixing certain household chemicals in an enclosed space o create a tocix gas such as hydrogen sulfide and hrdrogen cyanide

also called chemical detergent suicide

49
Q

Cocaine

A

A stimulant

50
Q

Delirium tremens (DTs)

A

A severe withdrawal syndrome seen in people with alcoholism who are deprived of ethyl alcohol

characterized by fever, sweating, disorientation, agitation, and seizures.

Fatal is untreated

51
Q

Dieffenbachial (dumb cane)

A

Ingestion causes burns to mouth and tongue

possible paralysis of vocal cords, nausea, vomiting

In severe cases edema of the tongue and larynx leading to airway compromise

52
Q

Drug

A

A substance that ahs some therapeutic effect (such as reducing inflammation) when given in the appropriate circumstances and in the appropriate dose

53
Q

Drug abuse

A

and use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, economic, legal, or social harm to the user or others affected by the user’s behavior

54
Q

Drug addiction

A

A chronic disorder characterized by the compulsive use of a substance that results in physical, psychological, or social harm to the user who continues to use the substance despite the harm

55
Q

DUMBELS

A

Represents the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning

Diarrhea 
Urination
Miosis
Bradycardia, Bradycardia, Bronchospasm, Bronchorrhea
Emesis
Lacrimation
Seizures, Salivation, Sweating
56
Q

Foxglove

A

A plant that contains cardiac glycosides used in making digitalis

Ingestion of leaves causes nausea, vomiting, poopy, abdominal cramps, hyperkalemia, and dysrhythmias

57
Q

Habituation

A

A physical tolerance and psychological dependence on a drug or drugs

58
Q

Hallucinogen

A

An agent that produces false perceptions in any one of the five senses

59
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds made up principally of hydrogen and carbon atoms mostly obtained from the distillation of petroleum

60
Q

Illicit

A

In relation to drugs, illegal drugs such as merijuana, cocaine, and LSD

61
Q

Lantana

A

A perinnial flowering shrub with clusters of red betties that can lead to fatal poisoning

Also known as red sage or wild sage

ingestion causes stomach upsets, muscle weakness, shock, and the big nap

62
Q

Licit

A

In relation to drugs, legalized drugs such as coffee, alcohol, and tobacco

63
Q

Lithium

A

A common mood stabilizer used in the treatment of bipolar disorder

64
Q

Marijuana

A

The dried leaves and flower buds to the Cannabis Sativa plant that are smoked to get high

65
Q

Methamphetamine

A

A highly addictive amphetamine

66
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

Psychiatric medication used primarily to treat atpyical depression by increasing norepi and serotin levels in the CNS

67
Q

Narcotic

A

The generic term for opiates and opiods, drugs that act as a central nervous system depressant and produce insensibility or stuipor

68
Q

Opiate

A

Various alkaloids derived from the opium or poppy plant

69
Q

Opiod

A

A synthetic narcotic not derived from opium

fentanyl, alfentanil

70
Q

Organophosphates

A

A class of chemical found in many insecticides used in agriculture and in the home

71
Q

Overdise

A

A condition that occurs when a drug is taken in excess

72
Q

Physical dependance

A

A psychologic state of adaptation to a drug

usually characterized by tolerance to the effects of the drug and a withdrawal syndrome is use of the drug is stopped abruptly

73
Q

Poison

A

A substance whose chemical action would damage structures or impair function when introduced into the body

74
Q

Potentiation

A

Enhancement of the effect of one drug by another

75
Q

Psychological dependence

A

The emotional state of craving a drug to maintain a feeling of well-being

76
Q

Rhabdomyoysis

A

The destruction of muscle tissue leading to a release of potassium and myoglobin

These substances can damage the heart and kidneys and cause permanent disability or even death.

77
Q

Salicylates

A

Chemicals found in plants and a primary ingredient in ASA

78
Q

Salicylates

A

Chemicals found in plants and a primary ingredient in ASA

79
Q

Sedative-hypnotic

A

A drug used to reduce anxiety, calm agitated patients, and help produce drowsiness and sleep (CNS depressant)

80
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

A

A class of antidepressant to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin

81
Q

Serotonin syndrome

A

An idiosycratic complication that occurs with antidepressant therapy in which patients have lower extremity muscle rigidity, confusion, or disorientation, and/or agitation

82
Q

Spice

A

An illicit drug consisting of a blend of synthetic cannabinoids

can produce delirium and other psychotic effects

83
Q

Synergism

A

The action of two substances such as drugs in which the total effects are greater than the sum of the independent effects of the two substances

84
Q

Tolerance

A

Physiologic adaptation to the effects of a drug such that increasingly larger doses of the drug are required to achieve the same effect

85
Q

Toxicologic emergencies

A

Medical emergencies caused by toxix agents such as poison

may be intentional or unintentional

86
Q

Toxicology

A

The study of toxic or poisonous substances

87
Q

Toxidrome

A

The syndrome like symptoms of any given class or groups of poisonous agents

88
Q

Toxic

A

A poison or harmful substance produced by bacteria, animals, or plants

89
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCSs)

A

A group of drugs used to treat severe depression and manage pain, minimal dosing errors can causes toxic effects

90
Q

Withdrawal syndrome

A

A predictable set of signs and symptoms usually involving altered CNS activity that occurs after the abrupt cessation of a drug or after rapidly decreasing the usual dosing of a drug

Medical Emergencies Medications (5 decks)

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