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DWT Exam 3 > Toxicology 1: Intro > Flashcards

Toxicology 1: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Toxins are normally what kind of situation?

A

Emergency

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2
Q

Definitionof Toxicology

A

The study of the adverse effects of xenobiotic compounds, including their chemical properties, biological effects and treatments

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3
Q

Toxin definition

A

A poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of living organism
-antigenic poison or venom of plant of animal origin
-subset of toxicants

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4
Q

Toxicant is?

A

Synonym for poison/toxic agent

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5
Q

Factors determining toxicity

A

Dose
Duration/Frequency of Exposure
Route of Exposure
ADME
Physiological Factors

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6
Q

Dose
defintion?
EF50?
LD50
LC50

A

Amount of drug, toxin or toxicant that reaches the site or sites of action in an animal

ED50: Dose producing a therapeutic response in 50% of the population

LD50: Dose causing death in 50% of the population

LC50: Concentration of a toxin/toxicant that will cause death in 50% of the population
We use these values to compare relative toxicities and estimate potency

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7
Q

Bromethalin
LD50 variation in species

A

Rodenticide
- sold as bait blocks, pellets, bars, and ‘worms’
- single feeding–> just one bite!
- sudden death, vengeance, trounce, assault

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8
Q

What is the Toxicokinetics of Bromethalin

A

rapidly absorbed
peaks in plasma in 4h

N-dethylated in liver (CYP450)

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
Depletion of ATP depletion of ATP disrupt Na+/K+ pimp

ADD*

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9
Q

Which animal is most sensitive to toxicity from bromethalin?

A

CATS 0.54mg/kg

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10
Q

Which animal is the least sensitive to bromethalin?

A

Guiene pig

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11
Q

Selenium whats the big deal?

A

Prevents free radical damage in tissues

Maintains proper immune, muscle, heart function

Selenoproteins in skeletal muscle help cells
sequester calcium

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12
Q

What can cause selenium deficiency’s?

A

1) Selenium deficient soils
2) Feed mixing errors

Skeletal muscle cannot
sequester Ca+ -> calcification
of tissue

White muscle disease
Cardiomyopathy
death

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13
Q

What happens if you give too much Selenium?

A

Lethargy, tachycardia, sweating, teeth grinding

Hair loss, nail discoloration, hoof lesions
lameness, emaciation, death

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14
Q

Zinc what is the big deal (small animal)?

A

Cofactor for enzymes/proteins
involved in cell division and growth

Maintain proper immune system, skin protectant

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15
Q

What can cause zinc deficiency?

A

1) Zinc deficient diets
2) Genetic predisposition causing
malabsorption of zinc from GI

Inhibition of RBC enzymes-> oxidative damage

Zinc-responsive dermatitis
Alopecia
Susceptible to skin infections

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16
Q

Duration/Frequency of Exposure
4 ranges

A

Acute exposure

 Subacute exposure
 Subchronic exposure
 Chronic exposure

17
Q

Acute exposure

A

 Exposure to a chemical for less than 24 hours

 Usually a single dose occurring from a single incident
-Iron overdoses in pigs
-Insecticide ingestion in animals

18
Q

Subacute exposure

A

 Exposure to a chemical for one month or less

 Repeated doses
-Dogs eating aflatoxin contaminated food for 4 weeks

19
Q

Subchronic exposure
copper toxicity in sheep and dogs

A

 Exposure to a chemical for 1 to 3 months

 Repeated doses

20
Q

Chronic exposure
copper toxicity in sheep and dogs

A

 Exposure to a chemical for > 3 months
to years

 Repeated doses

21
Q

Aflatoxins
exposure?
sources?

A

Acute –> Subacute Exposure

Sources:
-Ingestion of contaminated food
- Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus spp. fungus
- Predisposition of Aspergillus spp. to grow in hot, dry weather

22
Q

Mechanism of toxicity for Aflatoxin B1

A
23
Q

Aflatoxicosis has what kind exposure?

A

ALL

Acute and Subacute more common

24
Q

Route of exposure
what are the 4 ways

A

Oral
-GI

Dermal
-skin

Inhalation
-lungs

Parental
-IV
-Intraperitoneal
-IM
-SQ

25
Q

What is the most common route of toxins in animals is?

A

ORAL

requires nearly all of the dose to pass through liver before reaching systemic circulation

26
Q

Some examples of toxic ingestions for large animals?

A
27
Q

Some examples of toxic ingestions for small animals?

A
28
Q

Dermal toxicity is most common is?

A

Anti flea and tick for dogs on cats

29
Q

Inhalation toxicity is seen in which species more commonly?

A

Birds

-lungs have large surface area, increased absorption
-Avoids liver first pass effect
- metabolism can occur in lungs (p450 enzymes)

30
Q

What is Teflon fume fever?

A

Teflon Fumes:
-Overheating Teflon-coated pans forming toxic particulates/gases (polytetrafluoroethylene)
- Flu-like symptoms in humans

Clinical SignsClinical Signs:
-Acute pulmonary distress & dyspnea, somnolence, convulsions, death

NecropsyNecropsy:
-Acute, severe to massive, hemorrhagic pulmonary necrosis, edema

31
Q

Parenteral routes for toxicity?

A

DWT Exam 3 (8 decks)

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