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RUSVM Toxicology > Toxicokinetics > Flashcards

Toxicokinetics Flashcards

1
Q

what is toxicokinetics

A

study of absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of toxic agents

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2
Q

importance of studying toxicokinetics

A

knowing the routes of exposure

knowing distribution of poison to target organs (site of action) - clinical signs

selection of proper specimens for chemical analysis

knowing sites of storage

elimination and half life - withdrawal/quarantine periods

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3
Q

drugs and toxicants are

A

xenobiotics (foreign chemicals)

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4
Q

what is the most common route of exposure in toxicology

A

oral

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5
Q

which cases is dermal route important

A

insecticides

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6
Q

inhalation is important with

A

toxic gases and insecticides

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7
Q

what is lethal synthesis

A

metabolite is more than the parent compound is important in toxicology

ex: organophosphates and ethylene glycol

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8
Q

drug disposition

A

study of movement of drugs in the body across biological memebranes from time of absorption until elimination

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9
Q

stages of drug disposition

A

absorption

distribution

biotransformation

excretion

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10
Q

T/F bulkflow of water can carry with it small water-soluble substances

A

True

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11
Q

factors that effect simple diffusion

A

concentration gradient

lipid solubilty

degree of ionization (drugs cross biological membranes in nonionized form)

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12
Q

rate of diffusion depends on…

A

the ratio of non ionized to ionized

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13
Q

ionization of the drug depends on

A

pH of drug

pKa of drug

pH of medium (environment)

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14
Q

what is the pKa

A

the pH at which a weak electrolyte is 50% ionized and 50% non ionized

most drugs are weak electrolytes (weak acids/bases)

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15
Q

drug absorption

A

transfer of the drug from site of administration to the circulation

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16
Q

factors related to the drug that affect absorption

A

molecular size

lipid solubility (increases with increased solubiltiy)

degree of ionization

dissolution of drug in water (liquid faster than solid)

concentration of drug

route of administration

17
Q

is anyone else having pharm flashbacks

A

I mean his notes even say “drug” and not “toxicant”

18
Q

factors related to the animal that effect absorption

A

blood flow

absorbing surface area

connective tissue

species

individual

19
Q

drug metabolism (biotransformation)

A

chemical alteration of the drug molecule by the cells of the animal

20
Q

results of biotransformation

A

change physiochemical properties of the drug (water soluble, polar, ionized etc)

change pharmacological activity (bioinactivation/activation, detoxification, lethal synthesis)

21
Q

sites of biotransformation

A

liver

other tissues - nervous tissue, kidney, GI

plasma

22
Q

T/F liver enzymes lacl specificity

A

true

23
Q

T/F enzymatic reactions are saturable and drugs can compete on the same enzyme

A

True

24
Q

microsomal enzymes cause

A

oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and conjugation to glucuronic acid

25
Q

types of metabolic reactions

A

phase 1 (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis)

phase 2- synthetic (conjugation)

26
Q

factors altering biotransformation

A

species

individual

route of administration

enzyme inducers

enzyme inhibitors

liver disease

27
Q

enzyme inducers

A

drugs that stimulate the liver to produce more metabolic enzymes

only microsomal enzymes are inducible by drugs

28
Q

enzyme induction is reversible/irreversible

A

reversible

29
Q

enzyme induction may lead to

A

tolerance or drug-drug interactions

30
Q

enzyme inhibitors

A

drugs that inhibit the liver to produce metabolic enzymes

may lead to drug-drug interactions

31
Q

newborns are geriatric patients may have more/less biotransformation than adults

A

less

32
Q

excretion

A

removal or clearance of the drug from the body

33
Q

routes of drug excretion

A

renal

hepatic

feces

milk

semen

saliva

eggs

hair/feathers

sweat glands

expired air

34
Q

methods of renal excretion

A

glomerular filtration

active tubular secretion

tubular reabsorption

RUSVM Toxicology (9 decks)

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