Toxicants Affecting the Cardiac & Respiratory Systems II (10) Flashcards
What are the plants involved in the solanaceae family?
henbane, mandrake, jimsonweed, tomato, deadly nightshade
What are the toxic principles for solanaceae?
hyoscyamine
scopolamine
atropine (D-hyoscyamine and L-hyoscyamine)
What is the toxic agent of death camas (zigadenus spp.)?
zigacine
How does zigacine affect an animal?
death due to severe vasodilation, bradycardia, cardiac necrosis
What is the toxin in white snakeroot?
tremetone
Where are toxic agents of white snakeroot found?
tremetone must be activated by microsomal enzyme to produce toxicity —> milk
What are pulmonary responses to acute injury?
airway reactivity - bronchoconstriction
pulmonary edema - acute lung injury
What is the toxic gas in chlorine?
chloramine (NH2Cl)
How do you make chloramine?
reaction of ammonia with sodium hypochlorite
What are toxic respiratory gases?
chlorine/chloramine
ammonia
carbon monoxide
methane
hydrogen sulfide
overheated frying pans
Look at carbon monoxide
Look at this slide
Look at this slide
What is the toxic principle of poison hemlock?
n-methyl coniine, coniine (pyrlidine alkaoids)
What are mechanisms of toxicity for poison hemlock?
blocks the neuromuscular junction - neuromuscular paralysis, diaphragm relaxes
What are symptoms of poison hemlock poisoning?
rapid progressive muscle weakness, paralysis, respiratory failure
What is the toxin in water hemlock?
cicutoxin
How does water hemlock cause issues?
central neuronal inhibition of GABAergic receptors (similar to strychnine)
What are clinical signs of water hemlock toxicity?
inhibition results in tremors, followed by seizures culminating in respiratory failure (tonic contractions)
What are the toxins in Perilla mint & Aflatoxin 4-Ipomeanol?
perilla ketone
4-ipomeanol
Why is perilla mint important in Tennessee?
it causes more cattle deaths than any other toxic plant
What is the mechanism of toxicity for Perilla mint & Aflatoxin 4-Ipomeanol?
damage to the pulmonary endothelium & type I pneumocytes → proliferation of type II pneumocytes → interstitial pneumonia
What are clinical signs of Perilla mint & Aflatoxin 4-Ipomeanol toxicity?
Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema & Edema (ABPEE)
What are the toxic agents in cyanogenic plants?
Amygdalin
Prunasin (most common, over 50)
What is the mechanism of toxicity for cyanogenic plants?
HCN has a high affinity for Fe3+ in cytochrome oxidase, thus preventing cellular respiration and causing death
What are clinical signs for cyanogenic plant toxicity?
Peracute onset: apprehension, tachypnea then dyspnea, venous blood a bright cherry red, pupils dilate and mucous membranes may be pink
weakness, voiding of urine, collapse, paddling, and death follow within a few minutes
How do you treat cyanogenic plant toxicity?
sodium nitrite - converts some hemoglobin to methemoglobin which competes with cytochrome oxidase for CN, forming cyanomethemaglobin
sodium thiosulfate, in the presence of the enzyme rhodanese, combines rapidly with the CN molecules cleaved from cyanomethemaglobine to form non-toxic sodium thiocyanate (SCN) which is excreted in the urine
What are some plants containing nitrates?
lambs quarter
Johnson grass
pigweed
What causes increased nitrates?
- drought followed by rain
- extremes of temperature
- extended cloudy conditions
- frost
- excessive nitrate fertilizer rapid growth
What is the toxic principle of nitrate plants?
when reduced to nitrites
What is the process of nitrites causing problems from abundant nitrate in plants?
nitrate (NO3) reduced to nitrite (NO2) → nitrite combines with hemoglobin & oxidizes it to methemoglobin (Fe3+) | Iron cannot bind to O2 when iron is in Fe3+ state = reduced oxygen carrying capacity
What are clinical signs of nitrate toxicity?
rapid heart rate, tremors, weakness, coma/convulsions, death
What is characteristic of nitrate toxicity - laboratory findings?
chocolate brown blood sample = nitrate presence
What is treatment for animals who consumed nitrate-rich plants?
animals should be removed from the source and fed a low nitrate feed (hay)
What is methylene blue?
a dye that converts methemoglobin to hemoglobin, restoring oxygen carrying capacity
What in aquaria balances ammonium from nitrite?
nitrosomonas/nitrosococcus
nitrospira/nitrobacter
What are the toxins in red maple toxicity?
gallic acid, pyrogallol, tannins
What are the clinical signs of red maple toxicity?
rapid heart rate, tremors, weakness, coma/convulsions, death
What is indicative of red maple toxicity?
methemoglobinemia - blood sample will appear a chocolate brown
(oxygen not getting off or getting delivered)
