Toxic Principle MoA/CS Flashcards
Insoluble calcium oxalate
Penetration via needle shaped Ca oxalate crystals
Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, V+
Soluble oxalate
Hypocalcemia—precipitation in tissues —> kidney damage
Methemogolobinemia
Isocupressic acid
Vasoconstriction —> dec uterine blood flow —> fetal cortisol release —> abortion in cattle
Quinone
Primary photosensitization
Erythema and pruritus, edema, skin necrosis (secondary bacterial infection)
Tannic acid
Tissue damage
Cattle—constipation, brown urine, atony, anorexia, depression
Monogastric—mainly GI
Colchicine
Anitimitotic
Involves many organs
Diterpene alkaloids
Competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors (curare)
Sudden death, mm weakness, stiff, bloat, recumbency, collapse
Tx—physostigmine
Indo alkaloids
Dec glycoproteins, peripheral neuro degeneration
Neuro signs, abnormal hoof + hair
Lycorine
Emetic—V+, D+, mm tremor/seizure. Hypotension.
BULB MOST TOXIC
Muscarine
CNS stimulant
Tx—atropine + symptomatic tx/decontamination
Piperidine alkaloids
Nicotinic effects. Stimulation —> blockade
Ataxia, incoordination
TERATOGENIC
Solanine alkaloid
Similar to atropine
GI, CNS, resp, <3
ONLY toxic when green + immature
Tropane alkaloids
GI, CNS (convulsive seizures), mydriasis, tachycardia
ALL PARTS TOXIC
Tx—physostigmine
Xanthine alkaloids
Block adenosine receptors, inhibit phosphodiesterase
Hypersalivation, V+, D+, colic, CNS stim (convulsive seizures), mm trem, tachycardia, hypotension, U+
Anthraquinone
Similar to monensin
Purgative
Skeletal and cardiac mm degeneration —> myoglobinuria —> kidney damage
HORSES CAN DIE FROM LIVER FAILURE
Calcinogenic glycoside
Vitamin D analog—inc calcium
Lameness
Same MoA as cholecalciferol
Carboxy-atractyloside
HEPATOTOXIC
Hypersalivation, kidney damage, hypoglycemia
Cardiac glycoside
Inhibit Na/K ATPase
Tx—Digoxin
Coumarine glycoside
Inhibit Vitamin K epoxide reductase —> dec II, VII, IX, X
Hemorrhage
Dicoumarin in spoiled plants
Tx—vit K1/whole blood
Cyanogenic
Acute—inhibit cell respiration. Mucous membrane irritation
Chronic—neuronal damage and anti-thyroid
Cycasin
BMAA —> neurotoxic AA —> axonal degeneration in CNS
GI + liver dz syndrome or ataxia + CNS syndrome
TERATOGENIC + MUTAGENIC
Nitropropanol glycoside
Inhibits enzymes in krebs cycle + cell phosphorylation
Cattle + sheep—cracker heels/roaring dz
Horses + rodents—neuro
Phytoestrogens
Bind to estrogen receptors —> infertility in M + F
Infertility in F, dec libido + feminization in M
Protoanemonin
Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside
Severe irritation of GI mucosa and dermatitis
Ptiquiloside
Death of precursor cells in BM, aplastic anemia, enzootic hematuria
Thiamine B1 deficiency ONLY in non-ruminant
Tx—thiamine/B1 IV
Steroidal saponins
Photosensitization and liver damage (hepatogenic)
Can’t eliminate phylloerythrin
Gossypol
Cardio toxic. Chronic. Monogastrics more sensitive
Cardio toxic + male fertility
Heat decreases toxicity
Copper
Liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia
Selenium
Acute—GI irritation + respiratory signs
Chronic—hoof + hair abnormalities
Nitrate
Acute—fetal methemoglobinemia —> death —> abortion
Chronic—decrease progesterone during pregnancy —> abortion
Resins/resinoids
Irritation of nervous or muscle tissue
