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Toxicology > Tox Final Plants > Flashcards

Tox Final Plants Flashcards

1
Q

MOA insoluble ca oxalate

A

Penetration via needle shaped ca oxalate crystals- MUST BE CHEWED

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2
Q

CS insoluble ca oxalate

A

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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3
Q

MOA soluble ca oxalate

A

Hypocalcemia, precipitation of insoluble Ca oxalates in soft tissue and kidney damage

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4
Q

CS soluble ca oxalate

A

Hypocalcemia, kidney damage

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5
Q

MOA Isocupressic acid

A

Vasoconstriction, dec uterine blood flow, abortion

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6
Q

MOA Quinones

A

Primary photosensitization

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7
Q

MOA Tannic acid

A

Tissue damage- GI lesions, kidney damage

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8
Q

MOA Triterpene acids

A

Liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization

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9
Q

MOA Colchicine

A

Antimitotic by inhibiting spindle formation (especially in rapidly dividing cells)

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10
Q

MOA Diterpene alkaloids

A

Competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at muscle endplate similar to curare

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11
Q

CS Diterpene alkaloids

A

Sudden death, muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating. collapse

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12
Q

Tx diterpene alkaloids

A

Physostigmine

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13
Q

MOA Ergot alkaloids

A

Vasoconstriction and gangrene, uterine contraction and abortion-chronic

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14
Q

MOA Indolizidine alkaloids (Swainsonine)

A

Inhibit lysosomal enzymes needed for glycoprotein formation altering cell function in brain, etc., nitropropanol glycoside (peripheral n. degeneration + resp. signs) and selenium (hoof + hair abnormalities)

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15
Q

MOA Lycorine

A

Emetic and purgative

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16
Q

MOA Muscarine

A

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor stimulation, CNS stimulation

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17
Q

MOA Piperidine alkaloids

A

Nicotinic effects, ganglionic + NM stimulation followed by blockade, NM blockade prevents fetal movement resulting in birth defects

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18
Q

MOA Pyridine alkaloids

A

nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and some CNS (low dose= depolarization, high dose= blockade)

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19
Q

MOA Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

A

Hepatotoxic

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20
Q

MOA Solanine and Solanidine allkaloids

A

GI, CNS, respiratory and cardiac- similar to ATROPINE

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21
Q

MOA Taxine alkaloids

A

Cardiotoxic like digitalis

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22
Q

MOA Tropane alkaloids

A

GI, CNS, mydriasis, tachycardia- like atropine

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23
Q

Tx Tropane alkaloids

A

Physostigmine

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24
Q

MOA Xanthine alkaloids

A

Blocking adenosine receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase

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25
Q

CS Xanthine alkaloids

A

salivation, V, colic, D, CNS stim, seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination

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26
Q

MOA Anthraquinones

A

Purgative, skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration, coffee colored urine, kidney damage

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27
Q

MOA Calcinogenic glycosides

A

Vitamin D analog

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28
Q

MOA Carboxyatractyloside

A

Hepatotoxicity, excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia

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29
Q

MOA Cardiac glycoside

A

Inhibits Na/K ATPase, cardiotoxic, GI and skin irritation

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30
Q

MOA Coumarin glycoside

A

Form dicoumarol in spoiled plants. Hemorrhage from vit K antagnoism via inhibition of vit K epoxide reductase leasing to factor 2,7,9,10 def

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31
Q

Tx Coumarin glycoside

A

vit K1 orally

32
Q

MOA cyanogenic glycoside

A

Acute- cytochrome oxidase inhibition and cell resp inhibition, vasoconstriction, glycolysis and citric acid cycle inhibition, mm irritation
Chronic- neuronal damage and antithyroid

33
Q

MOA Cycasin

A

Cycasin causes GI irritation + liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic
β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxic a.a.
Unknown toxin can give CNS axonal degeneration

34
Q

MOA glucosinolate/ thiocyanate glycoside

A

Antithyroid

35
Q

MOA Nitropropanolol glycoside

A

Inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation

36
Q

CS Nitropropanolol glycoside

A

Bv/Ov- resp and neuro signs

Eq/Rodents- neuro signs

37
Q

MOA Phytoestrogens

A

Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males

38
Q

CS Phytoestrogens

A

Infertility in females, dec libido and feminization of males

39
Q

MOA Protoanemonin

A

Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside- GI irritation

40
Q

MOA Ptaguiloside

A

Aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep, neoplasm of urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria, tumors of upper GI and retinal degeneration in sheep “bright blindness”

41
Q

MOA Steroidal saponins

A

Hepatic photosensitization and liver damage

42
Q

MOA Gossypol

A

Cardiotoxic + 2˚ liver damage, reduces ♂ fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules, causes protein malnutrition, enzyme inhibition, interferes with Hb synthesis

43
Q

MOA molydbenum

A

Copper deficiency signs

44
Q

MOA Copper accumulation

A

Liver damage, hemolysis, metHb

45
Q

MOA Selenium accumulation

A

Acute- GI irritation, resp signs

Chronic- hoof and hair abnormalities

46
Q

MOA Nitrates

A

Acute- GI irritation, metHb, resp. insufficiency, fetal metHb + death
Chronic- decreased progesterone during pregnancy + abortion, reduced performance

47
Q

MOA Dimethyl disulfide

A

Oxidation of RBCs to form Heinz body anemia

48
Q

CS Dimethyl disulfide

A

Anemia, depression, hemoglobinuria/emia, icterus, cyanosis

49
Q

MOA Diterpene esters

A

Irritation of skin and mm, activate protein kinase C giving cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

50
Q

MOA Grayanotoxins

A

Bind to Na channels in excitable cells (n., skeletal + cardiac m., CNS) w/ increased permeability to Na ions + depolarization, GI mucosa irritation

51
Q

MOA Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)

A

Inhibit cell protein synthesis leading to cell death (GI, vascular, liver, cardiac, etc.)

52
Q

CS Lectin

A

GI signs and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

53
Q

MOA Meliatoxin

A

Enterotoxic, neurotoxic

54
Q

MOA Propyl disulfide

A

Oxygen free radicals giving RBC membrane damage/ hemolysis/Heinz bodies

55
Q

MOA Tetradymol

A

Liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin a metabolite of chlorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance
Hepatogenic photosensitization

56
Q

CS Tetradymol

A

Sheep** anorexia, depression, incoord, dyspnea, icterus, head pressing, skin swelling,e erythema, necrosis, sloughing, bacT infection

57
Q

MOA Thiaminase

A

Break down thiamine in diet and gives signs of thiamine (vit B1) def- neurotoxic- monogastrics

58
Q

MOA Triterpenoid saponins

A

Direct GI irritation

59
Q

MOA Resin/ Resinoid

A

irritation of CNS and muscles

60
Q

MOA forage-induced sensitization

A

2˚ photosensitization from liver damage

Moldy alfalfa and wheat, red clover

61
Q

MOA Alsike and red clover

A

Unknown- hepatotoxicity and secondary photosen in horses only
Hepatic encephalopathy with large amount

62
Q

MOA Avocado

A

Cardiotoxic- goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds

Mastitis and agalactia- cattle, horses, goats, rabbits

63
Q

MOA Black walnut

A

Fresh shavings- laminitis

64
Q

MOA Grapes and raisins

A

Renal failure in dogs

65
Q

MOA Lillies

A

Renal failure in cats

GI irritation in dogs and cats

66
Q

MOA Pigweed

A

Acute nitrate- metHb
Chronic nitrate- abortion
Soluble Oxalate- hypocalcemia and kidney damage
Unknown- renal tubular damage in ruminants, pigs, horses

67
Q

MOA Red mapple

A

DRIED LEAVES- HA, Hbemia, Heinz bodies in horses**

68
Q

MOA Coffee Senna

A

Skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy

Anthraquinone- cathartic/purgative

69
Q

MOA Yellow starthistle and Russian Knapweed

A

Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia or “chewing disease”
Toxins interact w/ dopamine transporter leading to death of dopaminergic neurons in brain (esp. substancia nigra + globus pallidus)

70
Q

MOA Macademia nuts

A

Dogs only- weakness in hind limbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale MM

71
Q

What plants cause hepatic photosensitization?

A

Triterpene acids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, carboxyatractyloside, steroidal saponin, tetradymol, alsike/red clover, and moldy alfalfa/wheat

72
Q

What plants cause primary photosensitization?

A

Quinones- St johns wort and buck wheat

73
Q

Which plants are like atropine?

A

Solanine/ solanidine and tropane alkaloids

74
Q

Which plants cause heinz body anemia?

A

Red maple leaves, dimethyl disulfide and propyl disulfide

75
Q

Which three toxins are in pigweed?

A

Nitrate, soluble oxalate and unknown toxin

76
Q

What 3 toxins are in milk vetch?

A

Indolizidine alkaloids, nitropropanolol glycosides and selenium

Toxicology (3 decks)

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