Tox Final Plants Flashcards
MOA insoluble ca oxalate
Penetration via needle shaped ca oxalate crystals- MUST BE CHEWED
CS insoluble ca oxalate
Irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
MOA soluble ca oxalate
Hypocalcemia, precipitation of insoluble Ca oxalates in soft tissue and kidney damage
CS soluble ca oxalate
Hypocalcemia, kidney damage
MOA Isocupressic acid
Vasoconstriction, dec uterine blood flow, abortion
MOA Quinones
Primary photosensitization
MOA Tannic acid
Tissue damage- GI lesions, kidney damage
MOA Triterpene acids
Liver damage and hepatogenic photosensitization
MOA Colchicine
Antimitotic by inhibiting spindle formation (especially in rapidly dividing cells)
MOA Diterpene alkaloids
Competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at muscle endplate similar to curare
CS Diterpene alkaloids
Sudden death, muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating. collapse
Tx diterpene alkaloids
Physostigmine
MOA Ergot alkaloids
Vasoconstriction and gangrene, uterine contraction and abortion-chronic
MOA Indolizidine alkaloids (Swainsonine)
Inhibit lysosomal enzymes needed for glycoprotein formation altering cell function in brain, etc., nitropropanol glycoside (peripheral n. degeneration + resp. signs) and selenium (hoof + hair abnormalities)
MOA Lycorine
Emetic and purgative
MOA Muscarine
Muscarinic cholinergic receptor stimulation, CNS stimulation
MOA Piperidine alkaloids
Nicotinic effects, ganglionic + NM stimulation followed by blockade, NM blockade prevents fetal movement resulting in birth defects
MOA Pyridine alkaloids
nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and some CNS (low dose= depolarization, high dose= blockade)
MOA Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Hepatotoxic
MOA Solanine and Solanidine allkaloids
GI, CNS, respiratory and cardiac- similar to ATROPINE
MOA Taxine alkaloids
Cardiotoxic like digitalis
MOA Tropane alkaloids
GI, CNS, mydriasis, tachycardia- like atropine
Tx Tropane alkaloids
Physostigmine
MOA Xanthine alkaloids
Blocking adenosine receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase
CS Xanthine alkaloids
salivation, V, colic, D, CNS stim, seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination
MOA Anthraquinones
Purgative, skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration, coffee colored urine, kidney damage
MOA Calcinogenic glycosides
Vitamin D analog
MOA Carboxyatractyloside
Hepatotoxicity, excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia
MOA Cardiac glycoside
Inhibits Na/K ATPase, cardiotoxic, GI and skin irritation
MOA Coumarin glycoside
Form dicoumarol in spoiled plants. Hemorrhage from vit K antagnoism via inhibition of vit K epoxide reductase leasing to factor 2,7,9,10 def
Tx Coumarin glycoside
vit K1 orally
MOA cyanogenic glycoside
Acute- cytochrome oxidase inhibition and cell resp inhibition, vasoconstriction, glycolysis and citric acid cycle inhibition, mm irritation
Chronic- neuronal damage and antithyroid
MOA Cycasin
Cycasin causes GI irritation + liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic
β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxic a.a.
Unknown toxin can give CNS axonal degeneration
MOA glucosinolate/ thiocyanate glycoside
Antithyroid
MOA Nitropropanolol glycoside
Inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
CS Nitropropanolol glycoside
Bv/Ov- resp and neuro signs
Eq/Rodents- neuro signs
MOA Phytoestrogens
Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males
CS Phytoestrogens
Infertility in females, dec libido and feminization of males
MOA Protoanemonin
Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside- GI irritation
MOA Ptaguiloside
Aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep, neoplasm of urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria, tumors of upper GI and retinal degeneration in sheep “bright blindness”
MOA Steroidal saponins
Hepatic photosensitization and liver damage
MOA Gossypol
Cardiotoxic + 2˚ liver damage, reduces ♂ fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules, causes protein malnutrition, enzyme inhibition, interferes with Hb synthesis
MOA molydbenum
Copper deficiency signs
MOA Copper accumulation
Liver damage, hemolysis, metHb
MOA Selenium accumulation
Acute- GI irritation, resp signs
Chronic- hoof and hair abnormalities
MOA Nitrates
Acute- GI irritation, metHb, resp. insufficiency, fetal metHb + death
Chronic- decreased progesterone during pregnancy + abortion, reduced performance
MOA Dimethyl disulfide
Oxidation of RBCs to form Heinz body anemia
CS Dimethyl disulfide
Anemia, depression, hemoglobinuria/emia, icterus, cyanosis
MOA Diterpene esters
Irritation of skin and mm, activate protein kinase C giving cell damage and enzyme dysfunction
MOA Grayanotoxins
Bind to Na channels in excitable cells (n., skeletal + cardiac m., CNS) w/ increased permeability to Na ions + depolarization, GI mucosa irritation
MOA Lectins (phytotoxins, toxalbumins)
Inhibit cell protein synthesis leading to cell death (GI, vascular, liver, cardiac, etc.)
CS Lectin
GI signs and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
MOA Meliatoxin
Enterotoxic, neurotoxic
MOA Propyl disulfide
Oxygen free radicals giving RBC membrane damage/ hemolysis/Heinz bodies
MOA Tetradymol
Liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin a metabolite of chlorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance
Hepatogenic photosensitization
CS Tetradymol
Sheep** anorexia, depression, incoord, dyspnea, icterus, head pressing, skin swelling,e erythema, necrosis, sloughing, bacT infection
MOA Thiaminase
Break down thiamine in diet and gives signs of thiamine (vit B1) def- neurotoxic- monogastrics
MOA Triterpenoid saponins
Direct GI irritation
MOA Resin/ Resinoid
irritation of CNS and muscles
MOA forage-induced sensitization
2˚ photosensitization from liver damage
Moldy alfalfa and wheat, red clover
MOA Alsike and red clover
Unknown- hepatotoxicity and secondary photosen in horses only
Hepatic encephalopathy with large amount
MOA Avocado
Cardiotoxic- goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds
Mastitis and agalactia- cattle, horses, goats, rabbits
MOA Black walnut
Fresh shavings- laminitis
MOA Grapes and raisins
Renal failure in dogs
MOA Lillies
Renal failure in cats
GI irritation in dogs and cats
MOA Pigweed
Acute nitrate- metHb
Chronic nitrate- abortion
Soluble Oxalate- hypocalcemia and kidney damage
Unknown- renal tubular damage in ruminants, pigs, horses
MOA Red mapple
DRIED LEAVES- HA, Hbemia, Heinz bodies in horses**
MOA Coffee Senna
Skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
Anthraquinone- cathartic/purgative
MOA Yellow starthistle and Russian Knapweed
Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia or “chewing disease”
Toxins interact w/ dopamine transporter leading to death of dopaminergic neurons in brain (esp. substancia nigra + globus pallidus)
MOA Macademia nuts
Dogs only- weakness in hind limbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale MM
What plants cause hepatic photosensitization?
Triterpene acids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, carboxyatractyloside, steroidal saponin, tetradymol, alsike/red clover, and moldy alfalfa/wheat
What plants cause primary photosensitization?
Quinones- St johns wort and buck wheat
Which plants are like atropine?
Solanine/ solanidine and tropane alkaloids
Which plants cause heinz body anemia?
Red maple leaves, dimethyl disulfide and propyl disulfide
Which three toxins are in pigweed?
Nitrate, soluble oxalate and unknown toxin
What 3 toxins are in milk vetch?
Indolizidine alkaloids, nitropropanolol glycosides and selenium