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Toxo > Tox 2 > Flashcards

Tox 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gossypol- tox type

A

Cardiac/hematopoietic

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2
Q

Gossypol- source

A

Cotton seed

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3
Q

Gossypol- MOA

A

Binds and inhibits dehydrogenase in oxidative stress response and less energy and protein production; chelates iron causing anemia and reduces protein availability

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4
Q

Gossypol- species

A

Non-ruminants more sensitive, horses less effected

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5
Q

Gossypol- CS

A

Anemia, general weight loss, weakness; end result- myocardial necrosis and CHF

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6
Q

Gossypol- dx

A

History, chemical analysis

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7
Q

Gossypol- necropsy lesions

A

Cardiac necrosis, edematous, pale, mottled heart with vaculoization

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8
Q

Gossypol- tx

A

High protein diet with vitamin A, iron, lysine

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9
Q

Blister beetle- toxic agent

A

Cantharidin

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10
Q

Cantharidin- species effected

A

Horses

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11
Q

Cantharidin- lethal dose

A

6-250 beetles

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12
Q

Cantharidin- tox type

A

Heart and GI

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13
Q

Cantharidin- MOA

A

Inhibition of protein phosphatases leading to cardiac toxicity, mucosal irritant

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14
Q

Cantharidin- CS

A

Colic, PU, diaphragm contraction with heartbeat, severe iritation/ulceration of epithelia, cardiac toxicity

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15
Q

Cantharidin- dx

A

Presence of bugs; ulceration of MM; labs: hypocalcemia, increased BUN; cardiac necrosis

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16
Q

Cantharidin- tx

A

GI decontamination and protection (sucralfate), antibiotics

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17
Q

What is the most common toxicity site

A

Kidney- proximal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

Why is the proximal convoluted tubule most susceptible to toxicity

A

p450 and cysteine conjugation of B-lyase- leads to bioactivation of metabolites which cause damage; loose epithelium allows compounds to enter cells; increased anion, cation, metal transport can lead to accumulation and ischemic injury.

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19
Q

Describe acute kidney injury (AKI)

A

Decreased GFR, renal azotemia from damage to tubule/GFR/vasculature

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20
Q

AKI- CS

A

V, GI bleed, PUPD leading to olig/anuria

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21
Q

Chronic renal failure (CRF)- describe

A

Related to secondary compensatory changes in response to initial injury

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22
Q

CRF- CS

A

edema, hypocalcemia, PTH activity, reduced RBC count

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23
Q

Ethylene glycol- tox type

A

Renal, CNS

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24
Q

Ethylene glycol- MOA

A

Metabolites made by alcohol dehydrogenase: glycolic acid- acidosis; glyoxylic acid- CNS; oxalate- binds Ca to cause renal damage via calcium oxalate

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25
Q

Ethylene glycol- stage 1

A

30 min-3 hours- ataxia, CNS depression, nausea/V, PUPD in dogs

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26
Q

Ethylene glycol- stage 2

A

12-24 hours- cardiopulmonary effects-tachypnea, tachycardia

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27
Q

Ethylene glycol- stage 3

A

12-72 hours (where most animals present) - PU leading to anuria, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, seizures, oral ulcers, dehydration, enlarged kidneys

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28
Q

Ethylene glycol- dx

A

Concentration in blood (peak at 1-6 hours); gone from urine at 24 hours, cats below detectable; isosthenuria in 3 hours, crystalluria in 6. Hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, anion gap, osmolal gap

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29
Q

Ethylene glycol- tx

A

Competitive inhibition of acohol dehydrogenase with 20% ethanol+sodium bicarb; 4MP or antizol

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30
Q

When is ethanol contraindicated in ethylene glucol

A

Renal failure

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31
Q

Eth glyc- charcoal?

A

Wont bind well

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32
Q

Cholicalciferol- tox type

A

kidney

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33
Q

Cholicalciferol- MOA

A

Increases Ca via all sources, choli–> 1,25 dehydrox

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34
Q

Cholicalciferol- organ effected most

A

Kidneys- then all others calcify

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35
Q

Cholicalciferol- Dx

A

Increased P then increased Ca, low PTH, azotemia, low USG, calciuria, multiple organ calcification

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36
Q

Cholicalciferol- tx

A

Saline/furosemide, prednisolone (blocks Ca absorb), calcitonin/pamidronate (SEs), sucralfate for ulcer, phos binder

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37
Q

Grape/raisin- tox type

A

kidney

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38
Q

Grape/raisin- CS

A

initial V then AKI

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39
Q

Grape/raisin- labs

A

hyper Ca, P, BUN

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40
Q

Grape/raisin- tx

A

Furosemide, fluids, Dopamine (renal blood flow), mannitol (osmoreg)

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41
Q

Acetaminophen- tox type

A

liver

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42
Q

Acetaminophen- species

A

Cats (gluc) pigs (sulf)

43
Q

Acetaminophen- MOA

A

Formation of NAPQI which after glutathione gone binds to proteins to cause liver necrosis and methemoglobin

44
Q

Acetaminophen- CS cats

A

Methemoglobin, paw/face edema

45
Q

Acetaminophen- CS dogs.rats

A

hepatic necrosis

46
Q

Acetaminophen- tx

A

NAC glutathione precursor, ascorbic acid for metHg, cimetidine/ranitidine for less abs

47
Q

NSAID- tox type

A

Liver

48
Q

NSAID- MOA

A

Uncouple ox phos - lactic acid, acidosis; cox enzyme GI ulceration, renal tox via prostaglandin inhibition

49
Q

NSAID- CS acute

A

Depression, acidosis, nausea, V

50
Q

NSAID- CS chronic

A

GI ulceration, metHgbemia, thrombocytopenia, anemia

51
Q

Naproxen- tox type

A

liver

52
Q

Naproxen- CS

A

Black tarry stool, weakness, pale gums, facial twitch in cats, ulcerative perforation

53
Q

Naproxen- dx

A

Anion gap, liver enz, increased clotting, AKI, necrotic macrophages in liver

54
Q

Naproxen- tx

A

Emesis, charcoal repeatedly, H2 blockers (ulcer), sucralfate with misoprostol for weeks, symptoms (anion, hyper K)

55
Q

Arsenic- tox type

A

Liver

56
Q

Arsenic- source

A

Well water

57
Q

Arsenic- MOA

A

Penta- metabolized to toxin in rumen; Trivalent- binds to -SH groups to inhibit ox phos, reduce metabolism; GI tox to epithelium leading to shock/enteritis

58
Q

Arsenic- CS hallmarks

A

GI, stagger, tremble, PU/PD to anuria, posterior paresis, coled extremeties, hypothermia

59
Q

Arsenic- lesions

A

Brick red gut, yellow soft liver, red congested lungs, kidney damage, smell gi contents

60
Q

Arsenic- tx

A

Chelation therapy with dimercaprol or sodium thiosulfate before CS

61
Q

Zinc- tox type

A

kidney

62
Q

Zinc- MOA

A

Zinc + stomach acid- free zinc- zinc salts - corrosion; oxidative damage leading to hemolysis

63
Q

Zinc- CS acute

A

hemolytic anemia, jaundice, pancreatitis, neteritis, panc/kid/liv necrosis

64
Q

Zinc- CS chronic

A

Cattle- hemolytic anemia, lameness, gastric ulcers, renal necrosis, hepatocye necrosis

65
Q

Zinc- tx

A

PPI (omeprazole), H2 blockers to stop absorption, symptomatic

66
Q

Dishwasher detergent MOA and tx

A

alkalinity 11, dilution, analgesics, steroids for inflammation

67
Q

scour/bleach - MOA, CS, Tx

A

alkalinity, liquefactive necrosis of MM, dilute, cathartics after dilute

68
Q

Disinfectants- types and MOA

A

phenol- protein denature; pine oil- MM irritation

69
Q

Phenol- CS

A

Burns, shock, arrhythmias, MetHgbemia, liv/kid damage

70
Q

Phenol tx

A

milk or eggs, decontam only if large amount or no burns; 1% methylene blue for MHGB

71
Q

Pine oil CS

A

respiratory depression, bloody vomit, hpotension, pulmonary edema; cats sensitive

72
Q

Pine oil tx

A

milk, egg whites, whater, no emesis/lavage; maintain osmotic balance

73
Q

Toilet cleaner MOA

A

Acid or base

74
Q

Toilet CS

A

dysphagia, dyspnea, ulcer,

75
Q

Toilet tx

A

dilution, steroids for stricture NO DECONTAM

76
Q

Ammonia- MOA, CS, tx

A

Alkaline, same as toilet

77
Q

Zearelanone- tox type

A

Repro- phytoestrogen, beans

78
Q

Zearelanone- source

A

Fusarium DON grains

79
Q

Zearelanone- species

A

all but chicken

80
Q

Zearelanone- hallmark

A

vulvovaginitis/hyperestrogen syndrome

81
Q

Zearelanone- ferret/pig CS

A

all repro depending on sex and maturity

82
Q

Zearelanone- cattle/sheep

A

regressed testis/feminization; abortin/pseudopreg

83
Q

Zearelanone- tx

A

Remove feed; charcoal, high fber to reduce eliminationt ime?

84
Q

Bees- tx

A

Epinephrine

85
Q

Wasps- MOA

A

peptides, enzymes, amines for pain- ex. kinins

86
Q

Fire ants- MOA

A

Alkaloids: piperidine- dermal necrosis

87
Q

Ticks- MOA

A

Decreased Ach at NMJ- weakness

88
Q

Ticks- CS

A

Loss of voice, ascending flaccid paralysis, respiratory death

89
Q

Ticks tx

A

Abs, antiemetics, atropine

90
Q

Bufo- MOA

A

biogenic amines- histamine and serotonin mimicks for vasoconstriction, hallucination; budotoxin- inhibit NaKATPase like glycosides for arrhythmias

91
Q

Bufo- tx

A

charcoal, oral decontam, diaz for seizure, propranolol/lidocaine for arry; digoxin immuned Fab

92
Q

Black widow MOA

A

alpha-latrotoxin pores in membranes to allow Ca influx to release nuerotrans for muscle spasms (sustained)

93
Q

Black widow tx

A

Calcium gluconate for cramps, antivenom, resp support

94
Q

Brown rec- MOA

A

sphingomyelinase D necrotizing enzyme - cleaves lipids in membrane = tissue necrosis

95
Q

Brown rec CS

A

Hemolytic anemia, bulls eye ulcer

96
Q

Brown rec tx

A

Abx, Burrow’s solution on wound, bicarb for hemoglobinuria

97
Q

Coral MOA

A

Neurotoxin binds Ach- paralysis (irrev)

98
Q

Coral CS

A

Tissue necrosis, myoglobinemia (cat), hemolysis (dog_

99
Q

Copper tx

A

antihistamine

100
Q

rattle/mocc tx

A

fluids, gluco (shock), cortico (inflamm)

101
Q

Pit viper CS

A

Hypotension, shock, tachycardia/pnea, anticoagulation

102
Q

Enterotoxin- MOA

A

bind intestinal epi, increase permeability

103
Q

Endotoxin- MOA

A

Prvent Ach release at NMJ - paralysis

Toxo (2 decks)

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