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1
Q

OP- tox type

A

Neuro- CNS depression

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2
Q

OP - symptoms

A

Nicotinic- SLUDGE-M; muscarinic- tremor, twitch, weakness

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3
Q

OP- dx

A

Atropine- no response (such as increased HR, dry mouth, mydriasis)

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4
Q

OP- MOA

A

AchE inhibitor- leads to cholinergic overstimulation bc Ach not broken down

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5
Q

OP- acute symptoms

A

Respiratory depression, death

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6
Q

OP- tx

A

Charcoal, atropine, 2PAM

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7
Q

2PAM- tx for what? MOA?

A

Reactivates AchE and reverses OP poisoning

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8
Q

Ivermectin- MOA

A

GABAa receptor agonist increases inhibitory GABA binding- CNS depression

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9
Q

Ivermectin- dx

A

History, tissue samples

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10
Q

Ivermectin- tx

A

Charcoal (multiple), fluids; epinephrine or barbituates for seizure- NO DIAZEPAM (increases GABAaR agonism)

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11
Q

Nicotine- tox type, MOA

A

Neuro (stim then block Ach receptors)

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12
Q

Bromethalin- tox type

A

Neuro

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13
Q

Bromethalin- MOA

A

Mitochondrial inhibitor- no ATP for oxidative phosphorylation

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14
Q

Metaldehyde- MOA/effect

A

Converted to acetaldehyde - CNS stimulation

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15
Q

Metaldehyde- tox type

A

Neuro

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16
Q

Slaframine- tox type

A

Mycotoxin neuro

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17
Q

Slaframine- MOA

A

Ach mimic to muscarinic receptors, CNS depression (think drooling on self-slobbers)

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18
Q

Slaframine- hallmark and CS

A

Slobbers, bloat, diarrhea

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19
Q

Slaframine- tx

A

Remove source, fluids, atropine

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20
Q

Slaframine- ddx

A

OPs, botulism

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21
Q

Fumonisin- tox type

A

Mycotoxin neuro, B1 most toxic, in corn!

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22
Q

Fumonisin- MOA

A

SNAase inhibition- increases sphinganine which is cytotoxic

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23
Q

Fumonisin- conditions

A

ELEM- equine- jaundice, drowsyness to terminal mania; PPE- inactivity, increased RR, decreased HR to pulmonary edema

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24
Q

Tremorgenic mycotoxins- name

A

Aspergillus, penicillum, claviceps

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25
Q

Tremorgenic mycotoxins- MOA

A

NT release CNS, neuro

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26
Q

Tremorgenic mycotoxins- CS

A

Intermittent or sustained tremors, depression, ataxia

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27
Q

Ammoniated feeds- NPN- hallmark

A

Bovine bonkers/hyperexcite

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28
Q

Ammoniated feeds- imidazole hallmark

A

Alternating normal/hyperexcite

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29
Q

Ammoniated feeds- NPN tx

A

Cold water to slow urease converstion to ammonia, vinegar to acidify

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30
Q

Ammoniated feeds- Imidazole tx

A

Remove food, sedation to protect, milk out

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31
Q

Ammoniated feeds- ddx

A

OPs, cyanide

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32
Q

Strychnine- MOA

A

Competitive agonist of glycine receptors (glycine is inhibitory) leads to stimulation

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33
Q

Strychnine- tox type

A

Neuro and muscle

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34
Q

Strychnine- hallmark

A

Sawhorse, grinning

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35
Q

Strychnine- death style

A

Respiratory distress

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36
Q

Strychnine- canine symptoms

A

Hyperthermia

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37
Q

Strychnine- dx

A

Increased K, acidosis

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38
Q

Strychnine- tx

A

Phenobarb for seizures, intubate, emesis, charcoal, diuresis; Ion trapping- Ammonium chloride or bicarb if acidotic

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39
Q

Strychnine- ddx

A

OPs, tetanus

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40
Q

Salt- MOA

A

Brain edema from Na leading to water influx

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41
Q

Salt- tx

A

Slow rehydration, furosemide

42
Q

Alprazolam- MOA

A

GABAaR agonist leading to more GABA inhibition

43
Q

Alprazolam- tox type

44
Q

Alprazolam- tx

A

Lavage, flumAZenil- GABAaR antagonist to block inhibitory

45
Q

Alprazolam- hallmark

46
Q

Ambien- tox type

47
Q

Ambien- MOA

A

GABA-omega binding for increased GABA signaling

48
Q

Scott- MOA

49
Q

Scott- tox type

50
Q

Scott’s- hallmark

A

Myotonia, oral/GI ulcers, posterior weakness

51
Q

Scott’s- tx

A

Decontam; ion trapping with NaHCO3 if kidneys ok

52
Q

Ergot- tox type

53
Q

Ergot- hallmark

A

Summer Slump

54
Q

Ergot- MOA

A

ergOt- dOpamine, serOtonin agonist (also decreased prolactin from pitu dopamineR)

55
Q

Ergot- source

A

Claviceps, mouse dropping seeds

56
Q

Ergot- CS

A

Primary- Smooth muscle contraction of uterus or vasculature leading to abortion or ischemia, can lead to lameness/gangrene; hallucination; summer slump- down weight and eating, retain winter coat

57
Q

Summer slump- cause

58
Q

Ergot- dx

A

Fescue in forage

59
Q

Ergot- tx

A

Remove source, metoclopramide (dopamine antagonist) to increase prolactin

60
Q

Ionophores- MOA

A

Increased Na/Ca in cell leading to muscle cell death from mitochodrial swelling; ionophores punch holes in bacteria

61
Q

Ionophores- tox type

62
Q

Ionophores- CS

A

Anorexia, weakness, colic, flank sweat
Cattle; add diarrhea and respiratory difficultuy
Dogs: posterior paralysis

63
Q

Ionophores- Dx

A

Increased muscle enzymes (AST, CK, LDH, BUN, Bili), Decreased K and Ca

64
Q

White muscle necrosis- cause

A

Ionophores

65
Q

Increased K- cause, Decreased K- cause

A

Cardiac glycosides; Ionophores

66
Q

Ionophores- ddx

67
Q

Tetanus- MOA

A

GABA and glycine block- blocks their inhibition leading to increased muscle stimulation

68
Q

Tetanus- ddx

A

strychnine

69
Q

Tetanus- Tx

A

antitoxin early, supportive

70
Q

Tetanus- CS

A

Lockjaw, sawhorse

71
Q

Pulmonary issues- causes

A

Petroleum, paraquot herbicide

72
Q

Paraquot herbicide- tox type

A

Pulmonary accumulation

73
Q

Warfarin- MOA

A

Inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase- unable to convert vitamin K to active for clotting cascade

74
Q

Warfarin- dx

A

25% increase in PT, green-blue feces, bleeding

75
Q

Warfarin- tox type

A

Cardio/hemato

76
Q

Warfarin- tx

A

Transfusion, vitamin K (tx for two weeks)

77
Q

Anticoagulants- half life comparison

A

Warfarin (15h)

78
Q

Nitrate toxicity- source

A

Plants in stress form drought or pesticides

79
Q

Nitrate toxicity- MOA

A

Nitrates converted to nitrites (-) to ammonia build up leading to vasodilation and oxidized hemoglobin

80
Q

Effect of methemoglobin in nitrate toxicity

A

metHgb has more Fe3+ whcih cant bind oxygen

81
Q

Nitrate toxicity- symptoms

A

Cyanosis/brown blood (hersheys)

82
Q

Nitrate toxicity- tx

A

Methylene blue IV q 20 min

83
Q

Nitrate toxicity- tx in cats/horses

A

ascorbic acids

84
Q

Nitrate toxicity- most effected

A

Pigs > cow > sheep > horse

85
Q

Cardiac glycosides- source

A

foxglove, oleander, lily

86
Q

Oleander- tox type

A

Cardiac glycoside

87
Q

Lily- tox type

A

Cardiac glycoside

88
Q

Foxglove- tox type

A

Cardiac glycoside

89
Q

Nitrate toxicity- tox type

A

Hematopoetic

90
Q

Cardiac glycosides- MOA

A

Inhibit Na-K-ATPase pump via competition with K for binding leading to effects on heart

91
Q

Cardiac glycosides- Hallmark and CS

A

High K; Racing HR, weak pulse

92
Q

Cardiac glycosides- tx

A

Propranolol to affect ATPase channels (B blocker); furosemide to decrease K

93
Q

Cardiac glycosides- antidote

A

Digoxin- binds

94
Q

Cyanide- MOA

A

Inhibits by binding cytochrome oxidase which blocks mitochondrial function and reduces O2 to H2O- can’t respire

95
Q

Cyanide- tx

A

1- Induce metHgb- Sodium nitrate (creates more Fe3+ to bind cyanide, can revers with NMB); 2- Sodium thiosulfate to crease thiocyanate which is non-tox and can be excreted

96
Q

Cyanide- hallmark

A

Cherry red blood

97
Q

Methylxanthines- MOA

A

Competitive agonist of adenosine receptors leading to CNS stimulation and vasoconstriction; inhibition of phosphodiesterase increasing cAMP/GMP

98
Q

Methylxanthines- types

A

Theobromine, caffeine, theophylline

99
Q

Methylxanthines- CS

A

Hyperactivity, tachycardia, hypertension

100
Q

Methylxanthines- Tx

A

Lidocaine, diazepam/barbs for seizures

101
Q

Methylxanthines- dx

A

theobromines in serum

Toxo (2 decks)

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