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ME3019 > 'Towns' and Trade > Flashcards

'Towns' and Trade Flashcards

1
Q

What happened in the course of the 5thCE?

A

Urban life and the market economy collapsed in Britain

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2
Q

When does the urban situation begin to change in Britain?

A

Towards the end of the 7thCE

  • Coinage begins to be regularly minted (though in very small amounts)
  • A handful of Emporia (Wic) begin to appear
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3
Q

How seem to have occupied these settlements (wic)

A

Foreign merchants and the agents of kings and other great men from the interior of the country

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4
Q

What seem to be the 4 major craft production and trading settlements?

A
  1. London
  2. Southampton
  3. Ipswich
  4. Possibly York
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5
Q

How large was Ipswich in the 7thCE and when does this change?

A

6ha

New evidence (Christopher Scull) suggests it expanded to ~50ha in the early 8thCE

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6
Q

Which mint is responsible for the main series of R sceattas?

A

Ipswich mint - dont know for sure whether it was an admin centre cos could be an elite site nearby that is doing the minting

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7
Q

Who thinks monetary economy fuelled economic prosperity?

A

Michael Metcalf

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8
Q

What does a recent excavation of a 7thCE cemetery in Southampton suggest?

A

That Ine didnt establish it from scratch

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9
Q

What does Scull argue was the general pattern of the wics London, Southampton, and Ipswich?

A
  • A beach-side settlement with burial sites beyond its margins expands rapidly from the late 7th/early 8thCE
  • This expansion accompanies the establishment of an orthological pattern of metalled streets, and burials take place within the settlement in demarcated cemeteries
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10
Q

How does scull describe the 7thCE rural landscape?

A

“in effect a system of local central places through which the surplus of the rural economy was extracted on behalf of elite groups”

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11
Q

How do some other sites compare to 7thCE Ipswich?

A
  • Brandon, Suffolk (3.25ha)
  • Carlton Colville, Suffolk (2-3ha)
  • West Stow, Suffolk (1.8ha)
  • West Heslerton, Yorkshire (10+ha)
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12
Q

Where might be sites of fairs or periodic trading places and why?

A

Barham & Coddenham (Ipswich hinterland)

Cos of intense concentrations of coins and fine metalwork in the ploughsoil (Scull)

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13
Q

What does Scull argue for regarding elite control and why?

A

Argues theres a link between kingship and emporia by the later period
And higher-status burials at 7thCE Ipswich, London, Southampton are consistent with the proposal that long-distance exchange was directed towards (and controlled by) elites

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14
Q

Who was likely involved in the 8thCE expansion of Ipswich and Southampton?

A

A central authority (Scull)

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15
Q

What is less marked (in Ipswich?) before the 8thCE?

A

Direct exchange contacts with the continent

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16
Q

How should we view these places?

A

Not as towns but as settlements “with some special functions within an entirely non-urban settlement system in which central-place functions might be dispersed between a variety of sites and places, and where central person might be as important as central place” (Scull)

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17
Q

Why does coinage system break down in 5thCE?

A

Cos not bullion coming in to pay the (Roman) soldiers

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18
Q

Who was the first person to bring back the coin?

A

Aethelberht - a gold coin that doesnt seem to be well used (1 survives?) - likely to emulate Merovingian coin

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19
Q

Where possessed much gold in their graves?

A

Kent - possibly melted down merovingian coins

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20
Q

Describe Sceattas

A

~675, smaller silver coins
No names inscribed so dont know to what extent kings were involved in minting - difficult to say whose doing what when
Not regulated nearly as much as normal coins

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21
Q

What happened ~730?

A

Shortage of silver sees the sort of end of Sceattas

Ecbert of Northumbria then the first king to stick royal iconography on coins

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22
Q

What did the East Angles do which the Northumbrians didnt?

A

Include names on coins

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23
Q

How does Offa impact coinage?

A

Trys to unify them - Royal inscription - might be cos ruling over a large area so naturally becomes more standardised but there is still difference between regions

Offa might be trying to control coinage (skiff/friends with charlemagne)?

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24
Q

What is coinage kind of representative of?

A

Similar to the package of Christianity in that kings are trying to become more Roman

25
Q

Who was the only queen known to be minting coins in Western Europe?

A

Queen Cynethryth (Wife to Offa but maybe Kentish) in London

26
Q

Where were there a lot of coins found?

A

Kent, Canterbury, London (several mints at these places) and proximity to the continent

Very few coins are found in Mercia

27
Q

What does Kent not seemed to have had?

A

An emporia

28
Q

What does Offa do regarding the standards of coins?

A

Brings them into line with Carolingian standards of weight and that

29
Q

What do we know from the 10th-11thCE regardin minting?

A

Inscription on coinage likely the person whose the named moneyer in charge of the mint (cos Irish Gaelic and Gaelic names on them where those places use no money) - earlier period could be English exiles from other courts

Maybe theyre exiles who you dont want to give land cos not sticking around long - or accountability if defaced

30
Q

Why are coins quite an accurate way of dating?

A

Because they change regularly

31
Q

What is the evolution of the role/use of coinage?

A

More performative as time goes on - Frankish state more of a role model from charlemagne onwards

32
Q

What do East Anglia and Mercia share?

A

Same hideage in the Tribal Hideage

33
Q

What was the Saxon emporia of London called (today?)

A

Oldwich

34
Q

Why wasnt the emporia of London within the Roman walls?

A

Cos that was probs used as an episcopal see of Essex and maybe a royal site

Similar to York

35
Q

Where might London have been like intermsof royal residency?

A

Armagh - All the kings own a gaff there so they could go and be involved in diplomacy and that with the archbishop/other kings?

36
Q

What were some minimum requirements for the emporia category?

A

At least 5ha, harbour and long-distance trade

37
Q

WHat are the two type of emporia?

A
  1. Craftsmen absent and traders resident

2. Craftsmen present and traders hosted

38
Q

What isnt there much evidence of in 6thCE London?

A

Trade

39
Q

What was the political dynamic of London?

A

Largely neutral but Kentish royal manor there, and Offa claims it and Essex had it before - everyone wanted/had a bit

Think Armagh and that - Kentish kings maybe the same

40
Q

What is the relationship between hampton and Southampton?

A

Royal site at hampton and porbably where the reeve of Southampton stayed - commuted in as 2 miles from the ‘city’
Maybe keep harbour and that apart from the elite site cos lower status (like Ostia and Rome?)

41
Q

Where else is similar to Ipswich in terms of its layout?

A

Canterbury and Lindesfarne & Bamburgh - ‘dispersed town’

All close enough for communication but dont cluster them together

42
Q

Why werent places clustered together?

A

Partly because a hinterland was needed to sustain these places so need fields and pasture around each site

43
Q

What is a chicken and egg question for historians?

A

Need coin for emporia and emporia for coin

44
Q

What is a problem with economic history?

A

Often teleological and using hindsight to determine what progress is

45
Q

What is one way of interpreting Wics?

A

Could be ‘concentration camps’ for merchants so kings/elites could regulate it (and charge)

46
Q

What may indicate the closeness of Kent with the continent?

A

Kent the only area of England to adopt the tribe name not the placename of the British original (like gaul) so maybe closely related

Kent always more Romanised too (Augustine est’d see in Canterbury cos felt safe (more like on the continent?) there)

47
Q

How is our knowledge of Dunwic limited?

A

Only a few houses remain - the rest has fallen into the sea

48
Q

What is curious about Mercia’ relationship with emporia?

A

They seem really focused on London and want control of it - North East Anglia has no (surviving) emporia or major trade towns

Maybe London and those the ‘gateway to Frankia’ - long established point of connection; like inverness or dundee trying to suddenly become a big point of connection like edinburgh and glasgow whove had a big head start

49
Q

What was an emporia’s hinterland?

A

Probably the whole kingdom

50
Q

Where are there few coins found?

A

The West of England

51
Q

What may indicate that there were many foreign folk living in emporia?

A

Hamwic and Ipswic not mentioned in any text, even though largest settlements in the area

Also Alamanic burials in Ipswic and probs lots of Frisians everywhere cos theyre a trading people and running the ports everywhere

52
Q

What might ecclesiastical relations with London look like?

A

Given plots of land in London so could trade with the continent (eg Bishop of Worcester) - Church need wine and oil and silk (wine consumed almost everyday for church)

53
Q

What is likely the reality of the development of emporia?

A

Things probs all interconnected and a bit of every factor playing in

54
Q

What differences may illuminate the nature of Mercian society?

A

Cos not as much stuff going on (arable or trade):

  • Maybe more militarised (like caterans and Gaelic kindreds)
  • Borders on all sides (like Wessex and Northumbira)
55
Q

What may be one insight into identity in this period?

A

Cos bordered with the Welsh, it might be that for the Mercians being Enlgish was very important - so things like ‘king of the English’ more emphasising the fact theyre english rather than claiming authority over all englishmen

Lowlands adopting Highland stereotypes to distinguish themselves from English more
Welsh and English made each other - “twins fighting in the womb” (Alex)

56
Q

Early 790’s coins the same tween Offa and Carolingian but a few years later…

A

…coins change in character as Offa and Charlemagne fall out

57
Q

Charlemagne worried about getting short-changed over

A

The size of cloaks imported from Britain

When making an agreement post-fall-out, adamant that must keep clocks back to the old size imported

58
Q

What might be a possible interpretation of Offa and Charlemagne marriage dispute?

A

Offa only willing to let Charlemagne’s son marry one of his daughters so long as Offa’s son could marry one of Charlemagne’s daughters - want to be equal?

59
Q

What happened temporarily that demonstrates kings taking control of Emporia by the end of the 8thCE?

A

Offa blocks trade leaving London to the ports of Charlemagne

ME3019 (9 decks)

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