town global notes Flashcards
What replaced oxen for pulling wagons in farming?
Horses
Horses became more efficient for transportation compared to oxen.
What is the THREE FIELD SYSTEM?
A system where crops were grown on two thirds of the land while one field rested
This method improved agricultural productivity.
What is a GUILD?
An organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve economic and social conditions
The first guilds were merchant guilds.
What significant economic expansion is referred to as the COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION?
The expansion of trade and business
This led to increased trade activity in towns and fairs.
What was the biggest trade item during the Commercial Revolution?
Cloth
Markets offered a variety of goods, but cloth was the most prominent.
Where did trade expand to during the Commercial Revolution?
Muslim ports, Asia, and Italy
These areas became crucial for trade networks.
What financial instrument was created to facilitate trade?
Letters of credit
These helped merchants conduct business without carrying large amounts of cash.
How did banking impact merchants during the Commercial Revolution?
It helped merchants and everyone
Banking services provided financial support for trade and economic activities.
What was the effect of the Commercial Revolution on towns?
It grew towns into cities
Urbanization increased due to economic opportunities.
What were the living conditions like in towns during the Commercial Revolution?
Not great
Despite poor living conditions, many moved to towns for economic and social opportunities.
What happened to serfs who lived in towns for a year?
They were free
This encouraged many serfs to escape their manors.
Who found the fees and taxes from the feudal lord as interference to their trade?
BURGHERS
They demanded privileges to facilitate their business activities.
What did Europeans learn from Muslims during the Crusades?
A variety of new knowledge and technologies
Crusaders brought back innovations that influenced European culture.
What significant educational institutions opened during this period?
Universities
The establishment of universities marked a major advancement in education.
In what language did many poets start writing during this period?
VERNACULAR
This language was specific to their homeland, making literature more accessible.
What did THOMAS AQUINAS argue regarding religious truths?
They could be proved
He wrote the Summa Theologica, merging ancient Greek and Christian thought.
Who used Aristotle’s teachings to solve problems?
Thomas Aquinas and fellow SCHOLASTICS
Their work contributed to the development of scholastic philosophy.
