Toute les définitions Flashcards
Sampling
It is the process of selecting a sample from the population to be studied.
Internal validity in research
Internal validity in research is the extent to which the research context and methodology are similar reality
e.g. are participants representative of the population being considered?
External validity in research
External validity is the extent to which a research result can be applied to other similar situations and populations.
Anecdotal evidence
- Evidence from anecdotes
- Evidence collected in a casual or informal manner and relying heavily or entirely on personal testimony
- -> Story told by individuals!
- Many forms: from product testimonials to word of mouth
- Driven by emotion and presented by individuals who are not subject area experts.
Evidence base medicine
Ask a clinical question, Acquire the best evidence, Appraise the evidence, Apply the evidence, Assess your performance
Best evidence
- Metanalyses, systematic reviews (strongest)
- randomized controlled trials
- cohort studies
- case control studies
- cross sectional studies
- in vitro studies
- case report, papers, letters (weakest)
Evidence base practice
Apply of research to a profession (started in medicine). It was adopted in many other professions, fields (ex: education). The principle is making a decision about the care of the patient, the clinical expertise and taking in consideration the client’s values (respect for the individuals, client social context)
Important to be safe and effective, it help to justify the WHY in some treatments, and it is an evidence of effectiveness (everywhere).
Ethics
To protect the research participants form harm: Psychological and physical. In
accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.
Moral responsibility of researchers and insurance for them.
The invention of a study: to do good, and not waste participant’s time.
6 principles of ethics
- Autonomy
- beneficence
- non-maleficence
- justice
- confidentiality
- dissipation of knowledge
Requirements for ethics approval
Detailed study outline Participants info sheet Informed consent form Participants debrief Outcome measured Budget planning
PICO
- Patient/ population/problem
- Intervention
- Comparison
- Outcome
PICo
- Patient/population/problem
- Interest
- Context
SPICE
- Setting
- Perspective
- Interest
- Comparison
- Evaluation
SPIDER
- Sample
- Phenomenon of interest
- Design
- Evaluation
- Research type
PubMed
- PICO terms
- Boolean Operators
- Mesh terms
- Quotation mark
- Truncation strategy
Quantitative research
The process is deductive; data is numeric and pre-specific methods are used
It is used to describe (impact of the pb), to evaluate (treatments), to predict (outcomes) and to compare (provide base of evidence).
Internal validity (JJ)
Level to which the independent variable caused the outcomes of the study.
External validity (JJ)
The results of a study can be applied to populations beyond those studied
Bias
Data collection process
How groups were formed
Individual participants and/or sample
Reliability
Accuracy and repeatability measured outcomes divided into inter-rater and intra-rater.
Case study
- Descriptive information exposure/outcome
- No control grp
- Explore new topics on which limited knowledge exist
- New hypothesis
- Often qualitative research
Case control design
- Retrospective
- Comparison between cases and controls
- No active control
Cohort design
- Prospective (can also be retrospective)
- 1 grp expose to situation of interest VS 1 not exposed
- Allocation of groups not under control (vs RCT)
- Characteristics of groups –> no causal relationship
Cross-sectional design
- at 1 point in time
- Which factors influence a particular outcome
- Exploratory
- Relatively inexpensive - easy
- No causality
Before and after design
- Prospective
- Access and compare outcomes before and after the intervention
- No control group: subjects serve as their own control
Single case design
- Prospective
- Cfr. before-after design.
- No control groups: individual subject serves as his own control
- Participants studied during multiple phases:
- Minimum 2 designated by letters by convention
- Baseline A and Treatment/Intervention B
- Minimum 2 designated by letters by convention
RCT: (Randomized controlled trial)
- Experimental study:
- -> “Does things to people” in order to observe the effects
- Random allocation –> intern validity
- 1 experimental grp VS 1 control group (controlled manipulation of at least one independent variable)
- Test effectiveness of the intervention (causality)
- highly controlled
Qualitative research
Used to seek information which cannot be easily expressed in number. It is concerned with people’s lived experience, feelings, perception… Data are words, texts. It is a logical way to explore topics that are poorly understood in order to better understand the context before an experimental study.
Participants bias
band-wagon effect/groupthink, recall bias, based on participant’s feel about the researcher.
Researcher’s bias
interpret data to satisfy hypothesis, ask leading question to satisfy researcher’s preferences.
Paradigm
Framework for understanding things. Discipline specific. Assumption/set of rules about a topic for thinking about it.
Qualitative research approaches
- Ethnography (describe live exp)
- Grounded theory (Formulate theory to understand a phenomenon)
- Phenomenology (how people coped with their exp)
Academic rigor
Measure of how thorough researchers are in conducting their methods research. –> trustworthiness
Quality control methods
- Transparency
- Multiple coders
- Triangulation
Sampling
Process of selecting a sample from the population to be studied.
(Consider: age, sex, language, cultural/ethnic, …)
Probability sampling methods
- Simple random sampling (all population)
- Stratified random sampling (groups or levels of severity)
- Systematic random sampling (3’% patient discharged within every hour)
- Clustered random sampling (geographic areas)
Non-probability sampling methods
- Convenience sampling (availability, case series)
- Purposive sampling (participants are experts)
- Snowball sampling (researcher requests access to friends, friends of a known
research participant
Recruitment methods: (consider co-morbidities, pregnancy, level of pain)
- Cold call (letter, emails)
- Advertisements (newspaper, internet)
- Direct recruitment (invite patients directly from clinics)
- Snowball sampling (participants are friends)
Ethnical principles
- Give info to potential participant
- Capacity to consent
- Time between consent and information
- Signing of informed consent
Academic writing
Formal written language used to communicate research information. Consist of simple short sequences.
Important because it is the only way to present written assignment, help to make personal contribution to concepts, improve research skills.
Characteristics –> logical reasoning, simple to understand, avoid verbatim quotes
Don’t use emotions, no SMS, no exclamations, I or WE
APA style
American Psychological Association (verbatim quotes should be less than 40 words, year and name don’t count. If more than 40 words, separate block of the text, quotation mark is not required)
1 author: Wakefield (2019, p.7) discover that.
2 authors: Kirsch and/& Wakefield (2019, p.7) discover that…
3 authors and more: Kirsch et al. (2019, p.7) discover that.
Plagiarism
Using the words, picture… of someone without giving them credit. Stealing other’s ideas.
Case series/study
The goal is to describe or quantify the effects of different conditions or interventions on each study participant.
Confounding
to confuse. It is a variable who cause false association between independent/dependent variable, can bias the estimate of effects of intervention.
Phenomenological approach to qualitative research
The goal is to determine how people make sense of their personal experiences. Participant sampling may be done by a combination of purposive and convenience sampling.
Economic analysis
use to determine how much accident victims receive from them insurance company.
All indirect costs are monetized based on the minimum wage in the local area.
Simple random sampling
The whole population is available for selection
Use lottery / balloting or computer-generated random sample
Independent variable
“Intervention”
Dependent variable
variable that is being observed
–> Should only vary in response to the independent variable
Extraneous variables
need to control –> isolate effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
Validity
correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question
Reliability
quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy
Unbiased and objective
each step in an unbiased manner and drawn each conclusion to the best of your ability and without introducing your own vested interest
Ethnos
A group of people with common interest and common experience
Qualitative research Rigor
This is a measure of how thorough researchers are in conducting their research and how accurate researchers are in reporting their research methods and outcomes.
Systematic
Researchers follow a sequential process
Principled
generally carried out according to explicit rules –>rules or principles constitute THE METHOD
Efficacy
Extent to which intervention produces beneficial outcomes under ideally controlled/laboratory circumstances.
Can it work?
Efficiency
Extent to which the balance between input (costs) and outputs (outcomes) on interventions represents Value for Money
Effectiveness
Extent to which an intervention produces a beneficial outcome under day to day circumstances.
Does it work?
Experience
What is the experience of people receiving/delivering the intervention/living with a certain condition/situation?
Perspectives
