Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BPT-02 > Toute les définitions > Flashcards

Toute les définitions Flashcards

1
Q

Sampling

A

It is the process of selecting a sample from the population to be studied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Internal validity in research

A

Internal validity in research is the extent to which the research context and methodology are similar reality

e.g. are participants representative of the population being considered?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

External validity in research

A

External validity is the extent to which a research result can be applied to other similar situations and populations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A
  • Evidence from anecdotes
  • Evidence collected in a casual or informal manner and relying heavily or entirely on personal testimony
  • -> Story told by individuals!
  • Many forms: from product testimonials to word of mouth
  • Driven by emotion and presented by individuals who are not subject area experts.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Evidence base medicine

A

Ask a clinical question, Acquire the best evidence, Appraise the evidence, Apply the evidence, Assess your performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Best evidence

A
  • Metanalyses, systematic reviews (strongest)
  • randomized controlled trials
  • cohort studies
  • case control studies
  • cross sectional studies
  • in vitro studies
  • case report, papers, letters (weakest)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Evidence base practice

A

Apply of research to a profession (started in medicine). It was adopted in many other professions, fields (ex: education). The principle is making a decision about the care of the patient, the clinical expertise and taking in consideration the client’s values (respect for the individuals, client social context)

Important to be safe and effective, it help to justify the WHY in some treatments, and it is an evidence of effectiveness (everywhere).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ethics

A

To protect the research participants form harm: Psychological and physical. In
accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.
Moral responsibility of researchers and insurance for them.
The invention of a study: to do good, and not waste participant’s time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

6 principles of ethics

A
  • Autonomy
  • beneficence
  • non-maleficence
  • justice
  • confidentiality
  • dissipation of knowledge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Requirements for ethics approval

A 
Detailed study outline
Participants info sheet
Informed consent form
Participants debrief
Outcome measured
Budget planning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PICO

A
  • Patient/ population/problem
  • Intervention
  • Comparison
  • Outcome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PICo

A
  • Patient/population/problem
  • Interest
  • Context
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SPICE

A
  • Setting
  • Perspective
  • Interest
  • Comparison
  • Evaluation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SPIDER

A
  • Sample
  • Phenomenon of interest
  • Design
  • Evaluation
  • Research type
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PubMed

A
  • PICO terms
  • Boolean Operators
  • Mesh terms
  • Quotation mark
  • Truncation strategy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Quantitative research

A

The process is deductive; data is numeric and pre-specific methods are used

It is used to describe (impact of the pb), to evaluate (treatments), to predict (outcomes) and to compare (provide base of evidence).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Internal validity (JJ)

A

Level to which the independent variable caused the outcomes of the study.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

External validity (JJ)

A

The results of a study can be applied to populations beyond those studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bias

A

Data collection process
How groups were formed
Individual participants and/or sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reliability

A

Accuracy and repeatability measured outcomes divided into inter-rater and intra-rater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Case study

A
  • Descriptive information exposure/outcome
  • No control grp
  • Explore new topics on which limited knowledge exist
  • New hypothesis
  • Often qualitative research
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Case control design

A
  • Retrospective
  • Comparison between cases and controls
  • No active control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cohort design

A
  • Prospective (can also be retrospective)
  • 1 grp expose to situation of interest VS 1 not exposed
  • Allocation of groups not under control (vs RCT)
  • Characteristics of groups –> no causal relationship
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cross-sectional design

A
  • at 1 point in time
  • Which factors influence a particular outcome
  • Exploratory
  • Relatively inexpensive - easy
  • No causality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Before and after design

A
  • Prospective
  • Access and compare outcomes before and after the intervention
  • No control group: subjects serve as their own control
26
Q

Single case design

A
  • Prospective
  • Cfr. before-after design.
  • No control groups: individual subject serves as his own control
  • Participants studied during multiple phases:
    • Minimum 2 designated by letters by convention
      • Baseline A and Treatment/Intervention B
27
Q

RCT: (Randomized controlled trial)

A
  • Experimental study:
  • -> “Does things to people” in order to observe the effects
  • Random allocation –> intern validity
  • 1 experimental grp VS 1 control group (controlled manipulation of at least one independent variable)
  • Test effectiveness of the intervention (causality)
  • highly controlled
28
Q

Qualitative research

A

Used to seek information which cannot be easily expressed in number. It is concerned with people’s lived experience, feelings, perception… Data are words, texts. It is a logical way to explore topics that are poorly understood in order to better understand the context before an experimental study.

29
Q

Participants bias

A

band-wagon effect/groupthink, recall bias, based on participant’s feel about the researcher.

30
Q

Researcher’s bias

A

interpret data to satisfy hypothesis, ask leading question to satisfy researcher’s preferences.

31
Q

Paradigm

A

Framework for understanding things. Discipline specific. Assumption/set of rules about a topic for thinking about it.

32
Q

Qualitative research approaches

A
  • Ethnography (describe live exp)
  • Grounded theory (Formulate theory to understand a phenomenon)
  • Phenomenology (how people coped with their exp)
33
Q

Academic rigor

A

Measure of how thorough researchers are in conducting their methods research. –> trustworthiness

34
Q

Quality control methods

A
  • Transparency
  • Multiple coders
  • Triangulation
35
Q

Sampling

A

Process of selecting a sample from the population to be studied.
(Consider: age, sex, language, cultural/ethnic, …)

36
Q

Probability sampling methods

A
  • Simple random sampling (all population)
  • Stratified random sampling (groups or levels of severity)
  • Systematic random sampling (3’% patient discharged within every hour)
  • Clustered random sampling (geographic areas)
37
Q

Non-probability sampling methods

A
  • Convenience sampling (availability, case series)
  • Purposive sampling (participants are experts)
  • Snowball sampling (researcher requests access to friends, friends of a known
    research participant
38
Q

Recruitment methods: (consider co-morbidities, pregnancy, level of pain)

A
  • Cold call (letter, emails)
  • Advertisements (newspaper, internet)
  • Direct recruitment (invite patients directly from clinics)
  • Snowball sampling (participants are friends)
39
Q

Ethnical principles

A
  • Give info to potential participant
  • Capacity to consent
  • Time between consent and information
  • Signing of informed consent
40
Q

Academic writing

A

Formal written language used to communicate research information. Consist of simple short sequences.
Important because it is the only way to present written assignment, help to make personal contribution to concepts, improve research skills.
Characteristics –> logical reasoning, simple to understand, avoid verbatim quotes
Don’t use emotions, no SMS, no exclamations, I or WE

41
Q

APA style

A

American Psychological Association (verbatim quotes should be less than 40 words, year and name don’t count. If more than 40 words, separate block of the text, quotation mark is not required)
1 author: Wakefield (2019, p.7) discover that.
2 authors: Kirsch and/& Wakefield (2019, p.7) discover that…
3 authors and more: Kirsch et al. (2019, p.7) discover that.

42
Q

Plagiarism

A

Using the words, picture… of someone without giving them credit. Stealing other’s ideas.

43
Q

Case series/study

A

The goal is to describe or quantify the effects of different conditions or interventions on each study participant.

44
Q

Confounding

A

to confuse. It is a variable who cause false association between independent/dependent variable, can bias the estimate of effects of intervention.

45
Q

Phenomenological approach to qualitative research

A

The goal is to determine how people make sense of their personal experiences. Participant sampling may be done by a combination of purposive and convenience sampling.

46
Q

Economic analysis

A

use to determine how much accident victims receive from them insurance company.
All indirect costs are monetized based on the minimum wage in the local area.

47
Q

Simple random sampling

A

The whole population is available for selection

Use lottery / balloting or computer-generated random sample

48
Q

Independent variable

A

“Intervention”

49
Q

Dependent variable

A

variable that is being observed

–> Should only vary in response to the independent variable

50
Q

Extraneous variables

A

need to control –> isolate effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

51
Q

Validity

A

correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question

52
Q

Reliability

A

quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy

53
Q

Unbiased and objective

A

each step in an unbiased manner and drawn each conclusion to the best of your ability and without introducing your own vested interest

54
Q

Ethnos

A

A group of people with common interest and common experience

55
Q

Qualitative research Rigor

A

This is a measure of how thorough researchers are in conducting their research and how accurate researchers are in reporting their research methods and outcomes.

56
Q

Systematic

A

Researchers follow a sequential process

57
Q

Principled

A

generally carried out according to explicit rules –>rules or principles constitute THE METHOD

58
Q

Efficacy

A

Extent to which intervention produces beneficial outcomes under ideally controlled/laboratory circumstances.
Can it work?

59
Q

Efficiency

A

Extent to which the balance between input (costs) and outputs (outcomes) on interventions represents Value for Money

60
Q

Effectiveness

A

Extent to which an intervention produces a beneficial outcome under day to day circumstances.
Does it work?

61
Q

Experience

A

What is the experience of people receiving/delivering the intervention/living with a certain condition/situation?
Perspectives

BPT-02 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions