Exam question Flashcards
Name the 3 key characteristics in quantitative research
Pre-Specified methods are used
Data is numeric
Process is deductive
What is the definition of reliability?
- Accuracy and repeatability measured outcomes
- divided into inter-rater and intra-rater
Co-intervention occurs when members of the control group inadvertently receive treatment
T or F
False
Name the 3 Boolean Operators you can use while doing a PUBMED search
AND ; OR ; NOT
What is a cross-sectional design?
- at 1 point in time
- Which factors influence a particular outcome
- Relatively inexpensive - easy
- No causality
In the hierarchy of scientific evidence, Systematic reviews are ranked higher than Randomized controlled trials
T or F
True
Name 3 features/characteristics of Case study/series
- No control group
- New hypothesis
- Often qualitative research
- Explore new topics on which limited knowledge exist
Name the 5 steps of EBM
1: Ask a clinical question
2: Acquire the best evidence
3: Appraise the evidence
4: Apply the evidence
5: Asses your performance
What is a single case design?
- Prospective
- No control groups
- Participants studied during multiple phases:
- > Minimum 2 designated by letters by convention
- > Baseline A and Treatment/Intervention B
In the hierarchy of scientific evidence, In vitro studies are the highest ranked
T or F
False
What is a case control design?
- Retrospective
- Comparaison between cases and controls
- No active control
Explain what is beneficence for ethics?
The intention of a study: to do good, and no waste participants’ time.
What is the definition of external validity? (JJ)
Generalize the study results to other situations, people…
What does the acronym PICo stand for?
Patient / Population / Problem
(The population of interest or the problem or issue of interest.)
Interest
(Events / Activities / Experience Related to the population of interest or the issue of interest. )
Context
(Setting or situation of the Activity / Event / Experience)
Give 3 examples of bias
Researchers
How groups were formed
Measurement tools
Data collection process
Define anecdotal evidence
- Evidence from anecdotes
- story told by individuals!
- Many forms: from product testimonials to word of mouth
- Driven by emotion, and presented by individuals who are not subject area experts
What does the acronym PICO stand for?
Patient / Population / Problem
Intervention
Comparison
Evaluation
What is a quantitative research?
The process is deductive, data is numeric and pre-specific methods are used
It is used to describe (impact of the pb), to evaluate (treatments), to predict (outcomes) and to compare (provide base of evidence)
External validity refers to whether the results of a study can be extra-polated to other populations than the ones that were studied
T or F
True
Why is Ethics so important?
To protect research participants from harm: Physical, Psychological
In accordance with Declaration of Helsinki
Insurance for researchers.
What is a before and after design?
- Prospective
- Access and compare outcomes before and after the intervention
- No control group: subjects serve as their own control
Single case design are by convention designed by letters: Baseline(A) and treatment (B)
T of F
True
Name the 4 key objectives of quantitative research
To predict
To compare
To describe
To evaluate
The acronym SPIDER is used for defining keywords in mixed methods research
T or F
True
In a BEFORE /AFTER design, the outcomes are compared in a prospective way before and after an intervention
T or F
True
Efficacy refers to the extent to which an intervention produces a beneficial outcome under day-to-day circumstances
T or F
False (its effectiveness)
What is a case study?
The goal is to describe or quantify the effects of different conditions or interventions on each study participant.
In qualitative research, the purpose is a deep understanding of a phenomenon
T or F
True
What does the acronym SPIDER stand for? and Which research is?
Sample population / patient / problem Phenomenon of Interest Design Evaluation Research type
It is qualitative and mixed methods studies
Patients are always allowed to withdraw from a trial except during the time period of 48 hours after signing informed consent
T or F
False
Name 3 components of a critical appraisal of quantitative appraisal
Contamination was avoided? Cointervention was avoided?
Was the purpose stated clearly?
Was sample size justified?
Define independent and dependent variables
Independent variable: “intervention”
Dependent variable: variable that is being observed should only vary in response to the independent variable.
Effectiveness refers to extent which intervention produces beneficial outcomes under ideally controlled/laboratory circumstances
T or F
False (its Efficacy)
Name the different strategies that can be used in a PUBMED search
Quotation mark strategy ("")
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms
Truncation strategy (*)
Alternative word strategy
Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT)Name the 6 basic principles of ethics
Autonomy Non-Maleficence Beneficence Justice Confidentiality Dissipation of knowledge
What is a cohort design?
- Prospective (can also be retrospective)
- 1 grp expose to situation of interest VS 1 not exposed
- Allocation of groups not under control
- No causal relationship
What is a RCT? (Randomized Controlled Trial)
- “Does things to people” in order to observe the effects
- Random allocation
- 1 experimental grp VS 1 control group
- Test effectiveness of the intervention
- highly controlled
What is the definition of internal validity? (JJ)
Level to which the independent variable caused the outcome of the study
What does the acronym SPICE stand for? and Which research is
Setting (where) P Perspective (for whom) I Interest / Experience / Intervention (what) C Comparison (what else) E Evaluation (how well, what result)
its a qualitative studies
What is the best evidence?
From the strongest to the weakest
Metanalyses, systematic reviews (strongest) Randomized controlled trials (RCT) Cohort studies Case-control studies Cross-sectional studies In vitro studies Case report, papers, letters (weakest)
Efficiency refers to the extent to which the balance between input (costs) and outputs (outcomes) on interventions represents value for money
T or F
True
Name 4 components of an Ethical approval request?
Participant information sheet
Informed consent from
Participant debrief
Budget planning
Why is EBP so important?
- Interventions: as safe and as effective as possible
- Justify the ’WHY’ of a particular treatment
- Underpin the professional autonomy of profession
What is the components of the philosophy of knowing?
- Considering different perspectives
- Philosophies
- Validity
- Reliability
- Unbiased and objective
What is academic writing?
Academic writing is the formal written language used to communicate research information
Why Academic writing is important?
- It helps people to make personal contributions to important topics and concepts
- It improves research skills and critical thinking skills
- It improves a person’s employability
Name 3 characteristics of Academic writing
- Logical reasoning as opposed to emotional thoughts or personal opinions.
- Arguments/debate based on Evidence and critical reasoning.
- Avoid verbatim quotes
What does the abbreviation APA mean?
American Psychological Association citation style
Name the 4 methods of Probabilistic sampling methods
- Simple random sampling (all population is available for selection)
- Stratified random sampling (selected from subgroups)
- Systematic random sampling (Selection at defined intervals)
- Clustered random sampling (geographic areas)
Name the 3 methods of Non-probabilistic sampling methods
- Convenience sampling (Selection based on availability)
- Purposive sampling (participants are experts)
- Snowball sampling (When the population is difficult to access, friends ask to friends,…)
What is critical appraisal?
It is a standardised process of assessing the quality, rigor and strength of the methods and outcomes of a research publication.
In which step in EBP, the objectives of critical appraisal of scientific research are?
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
3rd
What are the traditional qualitative research approaches?
Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Phenomenology
Academic rigor =
trustworthiness = qualitative research rigor
What is the criteria for trustworthiness in qualitative research?
- Credibility
- Transferability
- Dependability
- Confirmability
What is qualitative research?
It seeks information which cannot be easily expressed in numbers.
- What people think - How people feel - People’s opinion
What is the 3 main components of EBP?
- Available evidence
- Clients’ value
- Clinical expertise
Name 3 characteristics of research?
- It demands a clear statement of the problem
- It requires a plan
- It builds on existing data, using both positive and negative findings
How a research can be?
Explanatory
Descriptive
Exploratory
Name 3 features of the research question
- Relevant
- Specific
- Legitimate
PICO strategy is a qualitative research
T or F
False (Quantitative research)
PICo is use for qualitative research
T or F
True
In which steps research question is?
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
In the 1st
SOURCES OF BIAS
name 3 validity of the trail = based on
- Comparability of groups at the beginning!
- Large numbers
- No confounding factors
- Reliability of the measurements
Why is rigor important?
- Because the validity of a study depends on it!
- Striving for excellence in research and adherence to detail
- Logical reasoning is essential
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability is about the consistency of a measure
Vs
Validity is about the accuracy of a measure
Explain what is Autonomy for ethics?
Participation in research is - Informed
–> Explained about EVERYTHING what a study involves
Explain what is Non-maleficence for ethics?
No physical danger or emotionally distress.
Explain what is Justice for ethics?
All study participants must be treated equally and with respect
Explain what is Dissipation of Knowledge for ethics?
Right to information pertaining to the condition
