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BPT-02 > Exam question > Flashcards

Exam question Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 key characteristics in quantitative research

A

Pre-Specified methods are used
Data is numeric
Process is deductive

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2
Q

What is the definition of reliability?

A
  • Accuracy and repeatability measured outcomes

- divided into inter-rater and intra-rater

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3
Q

Co-intervention occurs when members of the control group inadvertently receive treatment

T or F

A

False

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4
Q

Name the 3 Boolean Operators you can use while doing a PUBMED search

A

AND ; OR ; NOT

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5
Q

What is a cross-sectional design?

A
  • at 1 point in time
  • Which factors influence a particular outcome
  • Relatively inexpensive - easy
  • No causality
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6
Q

In the hierarchy of scientific evidence, Systematic reviews are ranked higher than Randomized controlled trials

T or F

A

True

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7
Q

Name 3 features/characteristics of Case study/series

A
  • No control group
  • New hypothesis
  • Often qualitative research
  • Explore new topics on which limited knowledge exist
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8
Q

Name the 5 steps of EBM

A

1: Ask a clinical question
2: Acquire the best evidence
3: Appraise the evidence
4: Apply the evidence
5: Asses your performance

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9
Q

What is a single case design?

A
  • Prospective
  • No control groups
  • Participants studied during multiple phases:
  • > Minimum 2 designated by letters by convention
  • > Baseline A and Treatment/Intervention B
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10
Q

In the hierarchy of scientific evidence, In vitro studies are the highest ranked

T or F

A

False

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11
Q

What is a case control design?

A
  • Retrospective
  • Comparaison between cases and controls
  • No active control
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12
Q

Explain what is beneficence for ethics?

A

The intention of a study: to do good, and no waste participants’ time.

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13
Q

What is the definition of external validity? (JJ)

A

Generalize the study results to other situations, people…

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14
Q

What does the acronym PICo stand for?

A

Patient / Population / Problem
(The population of interest or the problem or issue of interest.)

Interest
(Events / Activities / Experience Related to the population of interest or the issue of interest. )

Context
(Setting or situation of the Activity / Event / Experience)

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15
Q

Give 3 examples of bias

A

Researchers
How groups were formed
Measurement tools
Data collection process

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16
Q

Define anecdotal evidence

A
  • Evidence from anecdotes
  • story told by individuals!
  • Many forms: from product testimonials to word of mouth
  • Driven by emotion, and presented by individuals who are not subject area experts
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17
Q

What does the acronym PICO stand for?

A

Patient / Population / Problem
Intervention
Comparison
Evaluation

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18
Q

What is a quantitative research?

A

The process is deductive, data is numeric and pre-specific methods are used

It is used to describe (impact of the pb), to evaluate (treatments), to predict (outcomes) and to compare (provide base of evidence)

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19
Q

External validity refers to whether the results of a study can be extra-polated to other populations than the ones that were studied

T or F

A

True

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20
Q

Why is Ethics so important?

A

To protect research participants from harm: Physical, Psychological

In accordance with Declaration of Helsinki

Insurance for researchers.

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21
Q

What is a before and after design?

A
  • Prospective
  • Access and compare outcomes before and after the intervention
  • No control group: subjects serve as their own control
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22
Q

Single case design are by convention designed by letters: Baseline(A) and treatment (B)

T of F

A

True

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23
Q

Name the 4 key objectives of quantitative research

A

To predict
To compare
To describe
To evaluate

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24
Q

The acronym SPIDER is used for defining keywords in mixed methods research

T or F

A

True

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25
Q

In a BEFORE /AFTER design, the outcomes are compared in a prospective way before and after an intervention

T or F

A

True

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26
Q

Efficacy refers to the extent to which an intervention produces a beneficial outcome under day-to-day circumstances

T or F

A

False (its effectiveness)

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27
Q

What is a case study?

A

The goal is to describe or quantify the effects of different conditions or interventions on each study participant.

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28
Q

In qualitative research, the purpose is a deep understanding of a phenomenon

T or F

A

True

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29
Q

What does the acronym SPIDER stand for? and Which research is?

A 
Sample population / patient / problem
Phenomenon of Interest
Design
Evaluation
Research type

It is qualitative and mixed methods studies

30
Q

Patients are always allowed to withdraw from a trial except during the time period of 48 hours after signing informed consent

T or F

A

False

31
Q

Name 3 components of a critical appraisal of quantitative appraisal

A

Contamination was avoided? Cointervention was avoided?
Was the purpose stated clearly?
Was sample size justified?

32
Q

Define independent and dependent variables

A

Independent variable: “intervention”

Dependent variable: variable that is being observed should only vary in response to the independent variable.

33
Q

Effectiveness refers to extent which intervention produces beneficial outcomes under ideally controlled/laboratory circumstances

T or F

A

False (its Efficacy)

34
Q

Name the different strategies that can be used in a PUBMED search

A 
Quotation mark strategy ("")
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms
Truncation strategy (*)
Alternative word strategy
Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT)
35
Q

Name the 6 basic principles of ethics

A 
Autonomy
Non-Maleficence
Beneficence 
Justice
Confidentiality
Dissipation of knowledge
36
Q

What is a cohort design?

A
  • Prospective (can also be retrospective)
  • 1 grp expose to situation of interest VS 1 not exposed
  • Allocation of groups not under control
  • No causal relationship
37
Q

What is a RCT? (Randomized Controlled Trial)

A
  • “Does things to people” in order to observe the effects
  • Random allocation
  • 1 experimental grp VS 1 control group
  • Test effectiveness of the intervention
  • highly controlled
38
Q

What is the definition of internal validity? (JJ)

A

Level to which the independent variable caused the outcome of the study

39
Q

What does the acronym SPICE stand for? and Which research is

A 
Setting (where)
P Perspective (for whom)
I Interest / Experience / Intervention (what)
C Comparison (what else)
E Evaluation (how well, what result)

its a qualitative studies

40
Q

What is the best evidence?

From the strongest to the weakest

A 
Metanalyses, systematic reviews (strongest)
Randomized controlled trials (RCT)
Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Cross-sectional studies
In vitro studies
Case report, papers, letters (weakest)
41
Q

Efficiency refers to the extent to which the balance between input (costs) and outputs (outcomes) on interventions represents value for money

T or F

A

True

42
Q

Name 4 components of an Ethical approval request?

A

Participant information sheet
Informed consent from
Participant debrief
Budget planning

43
Q

Why is EBP so important?

A
  • Interventions: as safe and as effective as possible
  • Justify the ’WHY’ of a particular treatment
  • Underpin the professional autonomy of profession
44
Q

What is the components of the philosophy of knowing?

A
  • Considering different perspectives
  • Philosophies
  • Validity
  • Reliability
  • Unbiased and objective
45
Q

What is academic writing?

A

Academic writing is the formal written language used to communicate research information

46
Q

Why Academic writing is important?

A
  • It helps people to make personal contributions to important topics and concepts
  • It improves research skills and critical thinking skills
  • It improves a person’s employability
47
Q

Name 3 characteristics of Academic writing

A
  • Logical reasoning as opposed to emotional thoughts or personal opinions.
  • Arguments/debate based on Evidence and critical reasoning.
  • Avoid verbatim quotes
48
Q

What does the abbreviation APA mean?

A

American Psychological Association citation style

49
Q

Name the 4 methods of Probabilistic sampling methods

A
  • Simple random sampling (all population is available for selection)
  • Stratified random sampling (selected from subgroups)
  • Systematic random sampling (Selection at defined intervals)
  • Clustered random sampling (geographic areas)
50
Q

Name the 3 methods of Non-probabilistic sampling methods

A
  • Convenience sampling (Selection based on availability)
  • Purposive sampling (participants are experts)
  • Snowball sampling (When the population is difficult to access, friends ask to friends,…)
51
Q

What is critical appraisal?

A

It is a standardised process of assessing the quality, rigor and strength of the methods and outcomes of a research publication.

52
Q

In which step in EBP, the objectives of critical appraisal of scientific research are?

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
A

3rd

53
Q

What are the traditional qualitative research approaches?

A

Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Phenomenology

54
Q

Academic rigor =

A

trustworthiness = qualitative research rigor

55
Q

What is the criteria for trustworthiness in qualitative research?

A
  • Credibility
  • Transferability
  • Dependability
  • Confirmability
56
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

It seeks information which cannot be easily expressed in numbers.

   - What people think
   - How people feel
   - People’s opinion
57
Q

What is the 3 main components of EBP?

A
  • Available evidence
  • Clients’ value
  • Clinical expertise
58
Q

Name 3 characteristics of research?

A
  • It demands a clear statement of the problem
  • It requires a plan
  • It builds on existing data, using both positive and negative findings
59
Q

How a research can be?

A

Explanatory
Descriptive
Exploratory

60
Q

Name 3 features of the research question

A
  • Relevant
  • Specific
  • Legitimate
61
Q

PICO strategy is a qualitative research

T or F

A

False (Quantitative research)

62
Q

PICo is use for qualitative research

T or F

A

True

63
Q

In which steps research question is?

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
A

In the 1st

64
Q

SOURCES OF BIAS

name 3 validity of the trail = based on

A
  • Comparability of groups at the beginning!
  • Large numbers
  • No confounding factors
  • Reliability of the measurements
65
Q

Why is rigor important?

A
  • Because the validity of a study depends on it!
  • Striving for excellence in research and adherence to detail
  • Logical reasoning is essential
66
Q

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

A

Reliability is about the consistency of a measure
Vs
Validity is about the accuracy of a measure

67
Q

Explain what is Autonomy for ethics?

A

Participation in research is - Informed

–> Explained about EVERYTHING what a study involves

68
Q

Explain what is Non-maleficence for ethics?

A

No physical danger or emotionally distress.

69
Q

Explain what is Justice for ethics?

A

All study participants must be treated equally and with respect

70
Q

Explain what is Dissipation of Knowledge for ethics?

A

Right to information pertaining to the condition

BPT-02 (6 decks)

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