Tourism - Topic 2 Flashcards

Question

Explain how tourism marketing is changing from traditional print and broadcast media to new online media

Answer 1

* The advances in information and technology have transormed the way tourism is being marketed. * Tradionally, tourism is marketed through tradional print (e.g. newspapers) and broadcast media (e.g. televison) * However, increasingly, these tradional media platforms are being replaced by new online media as more tourists begin researching for their trips online * Many tourism-related businesses are turning to online media to market their tourism services

Answer 2

**Examples/Evidence:** * It has been found that up to 7-% of tourists use the interne to research and plan their trips * Klook has promoted its tour packages on multiple social media platforms, including Facebook and Instagram

Answer 3

* Income generated in the toruist destination region that is lost to the economies of other countries

Answer 4

* An industry that relies on a huge workforce to produce goods and services

Answer 5

* Natural phenomena that cause loss of lives and damages to properties

Answer 6

* State of disagreement between different groups of people that can cause political instability

Answer 7

General slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time

Answer 8

A sudden rise and spread of a particular illness

Answer 9

A disease that is prevalent over a whole country or the world

Answer 10

Tourism postively affects the economies of tourist generating and destination regions as both regions are interdependent in the tourism system The positive economic impacts of tourism (or benefits) of tourism are: * Employment opportunities in formal and infromal toruisms sectors * Income generation from tourists' spending on consumer goods and services The negative economic impacts of tourism (or costs) of tourism are: * Economic leakages resulting in less tourism revenue * Overdependence on tourism, which increases vulnerability to a sudden fall in tourist numbers Economic benefits and costs of tourism are uneven across the world, affecting both the generating and destination regions differently Generally, economic benefits and costs are more significantly felt in the destination regions

Answer 11

Tourism industry is **labour intensive** It creates a large number and wide range of employment opportunities for people of varying skills in bith tourist generating and destination regions: * Transport (e.g. transport operators and service staff onboard the vehicles). * Accomodation (e.g. hotel service staff) * Leisure activities (e.g. tour guides, staff in amusement parks, museums, and campgrounds). Jobs created can be categorised into * Formal employment * Informal employment Therefore, the tourism industry could reduce national unemployment rates

Answer 12

* Tourism generates income for locals and governments in tourist destination regions * When tourists spend money on consumer goods and services offered by locals such as accomodation and food, they can increase the incomes for these loclas * Taxes on tourism soending can provide governments with considerable revenues * These can be used to invest in improving infrastructure and pay for education and health services, hence increasing the country's standard of living * Through the generation of income, tourism can alleviate poverty as it can transfer wealth from wealtheir to poorer regions

Answer 13

Employees: * Work fixed hours * Have a stable monthly wage * Sign a written contrace stating the terms and conditions of their work (e.g. medical benefits) * Contribute income tax **Example:** * Hotel receptionist

Answer 14

**Evidence:** * In 2019, tourism accounted for 330 million formal jobs worldwide representing about 10% of the global workforce * Between 2015 and 2019, about 25% of all new jobs were created by the tourism industry

Answer 15

Employees: * Work irregular hours * Have fluctuating wages * Do not sign a written contract * Do not contribute income tax **Example** * Street-side performer

Answer 16

**Example:** * In the 1980s, Maldives was one of the world's poorest countries. Today, its economy has grown due to the tourism opportunities offered by its landscape, resulting in low poverty rates

Answer 17

* An economic leakage happens when revenue generated by tourism in the destination region is lost to the economies of other countries * This may occur when tourist businesses in the destination region pay for the imports of goods and services to support the tourism industry (e.g. money spent on importing food from overseas) * This reduces the revenue from tourism, minimsing the income earned by locals from tourism. * Governments will have lesser revenue to improve the country's standard of living * In some developing countries, economic leakages may be so significant that it can wipe out the economic benefits of tourism

Answer 18

**Evidence:** According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), for every US$100 spent by a tourist on a holiday to a developing country, US$5 remains in the local host community

Answer 19

A country which is overdependent on tourism for its income and employment are vulnerable to a sudden fall in tourist numbers This may occur due to unexpected events, causing the economic benefits from tourism to fluctuate and affecting the livelihoods of people These events include: * Natural disasters * Unfavourable political situations * Economic downturns

Answer 20

* Natural disasters, such as earthquake, can cause significant damage to tourism infrastructure in destination and generating countries * People fearing for their safety may postpone or cancel their travel plans

Answer 21

**Example:** * In 2017, parts of the Caribean Islands were struck by a succession of powerful hurricanes * About 95% of the buildings there were destroyed resulting in one million fewer tourist arrivals and an estimated loss of revenue of over US$700 million

Answer 22

* Unfavourable politcal situations can lead to riots and protests in a country, leading to closure of hotls and tourist attractions * People fearing for their safety may postpone or cancel their travel plans * Governments may choose to close off the affected area or issue a travel advisory to discourage travelling to the affected areas to ensure safty, reducing the number of tourist arrivals

Answer 23

**Example:** * In 2020, there were protests in Thailand against military rule. Several countries issue travel advisories to its citizens to dissuade them from visiting Thailand during that period of time, which reduced tourist arrivals

Answer 24

* During an economic downturn, the economies of countries are negatively affected * Companies would attempt to cut costs * People may lose their jobs or experience pay cuts, leading to a reduction of disposable incomes * This results in people choosing not to travel to reduce spending

Answer 25

**Example:** * The Maldives, which is highly dependent on tourism, suffered a drop of 4% in tourism arrivals in 2009 due to the global economic crisis.

Answer 26

* With disease outbreaks, people may postpone or cancel travel pkans out of fear of their safety * Governments may choose to close off the affecrted area or issue travel affected area or issue travel advisory to discourage travelling to the affected areas to ensure safety, reducing the number of tourist arrivals

Answer 27

**Example:** * The Covid-19 **pandemic** which started in 2019 infected over 205 million people and caused over 4 million deaths. * Many countries responded by going to "lockdown" causing international travel to shut down. * In the first half of 2020 alone, tourist arrivals globally fel by more than 65% * In the Maldives, tourims arrivals in 2020 was only about a third of arrivals in 2019

Answer 28

* Turning something into a commodity that can be bought and sold

Answer 29

* Small-scale local tourism developed by local communities

Answer 30

* Where a custom or tradition remains genuinely original or unchanged

Answer 31

Dislike, hostility, or struggle between communities who have different values, beliefs and ways of living

Answer 32

Tourism affects society both positively and negatively. These are known as the social impacts of tourism Positive social impacts (or benefits) of tourism: * Enhancing cultural ecosystem services * Cultural preservation Negative social impacts (or costs) of tourism: * Commodification of cultural practices and art forms * Cultural clashes * Rise in crimes

Answer 33

Many tourists are interested to visit places with rich cultural heritage and are keen to learn more or participate in activities and festivals Tourism can lead to cultural preservation because: * Tourism revenues boost the local economy which provides an incentive to protect traditonal cultural practices and art forms * Planning authorities may also invest money to encourage such traditional cultural practices, e.g. by building museumsor giving grants for art forms to increase their appeal to tourists * This enhances preservation efforts, which also builds locals' sense of belonging to their community By preserving culture, it ensures the passing down of knowledge and cultural practices from generation to generation

Answer 34

Shadow pupperty in China is an ancient art form which is cultural important to local communities as it passes on history and traditions With tourists showing greater interest, innovations were made to attract viewers * For instance, peopple can watch a shadow puppetry show using Virtual Reality * This helps to preserve and revitalise the art form

Answer 35

* Protecting the environment for tourist activities and experiences can enchance cultural ecosystem services offered by nature * This provides tourists and locals with aesthetic, educational, recreational and spiritual benefits

Answer 36

**Example:** In Sanjiangyuan National Park in China, sightings of rare snow leopard have drawn tourists The villagers in Angsai village run a **community-based tourism** programme which allows tourists to stay with local families and have a chance to view these now leopards in the wild Sanjiangyuan National Park provides cultural ecosystems services such as: * Aesthetic benefits: Locals and tourists get to appreciate the beauty and scenery of the protected National Park * Educational benefits: Tourists get to learn about the conservation of snow leopard and experience the traditional culture of the villagers * Recreational benefits: Locals and tourists get to appreciate the beauty and scenrery of the protected National Park * Spiritual benefits: Buddhist locals get to connect spiritually as tourism provides an incentive to continue protecting the mountains and snow leopards which are sacred for them.

Answer 37

* As the demand for heritage tourism increases, traditions may undergo commodification and lose their authenticity * This weakens their cultural value for both the local community and tourists * Cultural rituals may be exaggerated, staged, or condensed to suit the needs and requests of tourists * Conflict amogn locals may occur between those who support using their culture for tourism and those who fear losing the authenticity of their cultures

Answer 38

**Example** * In Kenya, many national /parks are the traditonal homes of African tribes, such as the Maasai, who have a rich cultural heritage * Tour companies often organise interactive experiences, such as entertainment events in hotels, enabling tourists to meet the local Maasai people * These are often highly esaggerated, ant tourists rarely have a chance to interact with the locals in a meaningful way * Tourists may not be satisfied with the experiences as they might be different from what they expected **Example** * In Vancouver, Canada, totem poles have been commodified are widely available for tourists to purchase as souvenirs * However, most of these souvenirs are inauthentic pieces created without any collaboration with native tribes * This creates tension between locals who sell souvenirs for a living, and locals who feel that their culture is being diluted

Answer 39

* Tourists can be insensitive to local norms, including relgious customs and traditions, resulting in negative sentiment against tourists, including cultural clashes * Tourism may also result in negative impacts to local communties and their environment such as congestion and pollution, leading to negative attitudes towards tourists * Some locals may perceive tourism to threaten their sense of identity and increase their cost of living

Answer 40

* Destination regions may experience a rise in crime rates, such as pickpocketing, as tourists often carry large sums of money and other valuables, making them lucrative targets * Tourists are more likely to be relaxed and off guard, making them easier targets * Tourists may also find themselves being targetted, if negative sentiments from some locals towards them continue to build up * The increased crime rates may make locals feel less safe

Answer 41

**Example:** * In 2017, a tourist bus in Barcelona, Spain was attacked by anti-tourist protestors who punctured the tyres and sprayed anti-tourism graffiti on the bus

Answer 42

Tourists and local communities at tourist destination regions mutually affect each other Their encounters with each other determine the nature of the social impacts of tourism The relationships between tourists and local communties are often unequal because the tourism industry tends to focus more on the needs and wants of the tourists over the locals * Often, tourists are in a position of power and priveldge * Local communities have to accommodate and meet the needs of the tourists at their own expense * The greater the difference in power between the tourists and the local community, the more likely that negative social impacts would occur * Negative social impacts are therefor usually more significantly felt by local communities at tourist destinations. At the samre time, local communities may also feel disadvantaged if tourists stopped visiting

Answer 43

**Example:** * In Thailand, tourists have to pay to enter the villages of the Kayan Lahwi women who traditionally wear gold coils around their necks * Some women are happy to wear the gold coils because they can showcare their culture as well as earn tourism revenue * However, many women also feel exploited by the tourism industry. Some tourists view these women as exhibits that they have paid to view and psoe with, and sometimes take photographs without their permission * Since they are reliant on tourism revenue, the women may have no choice but to let themselves be photographed

Answer 44

Nature provides important proovisisoning (e.g provides freshwater and food for people) and regulating ecosystem services (e.g. portecting air and water quality) Environmental degradation due to tourism may bring about negative environmental impacts, and affect ecosystem services (e.g. reduced supply of freshwater and food, and lower air and water quality) The impacst are mostly felt by the tourist destination region where local communities reside The postive environmental impacts (or benefits) of tourism: * Conservation of natural environments and preservation of biodiversity * Restoration of degraded aquatic and terrestial ecosystems The negative environmental impacts (or costs) of tourism: * Pollution * Depletion of natural resources and threats to wildlife habitats

Answer 45

Local communities and governments in destinaation regions maintain a pristine environment to attract tourists to visit Tourism revenue generated in the destination regions may be used to fund the protection of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, protecting diversity This could be done through: * Establishing protected areas of National Parks where development is restricted in order to ensure the habitats are undistrubted * Employing and training specialised staff to run these parks to care for these ecosystems * Setting up environmental education programmes for tourists to encourage them to care for these ecosystems

Tourism - Topic 2 Flashcards

Tourism Development